European Society & Learning
The primary method of instruction in European universities; students used reason and research.
scholasticism
What are Caliphs?
Successors of Muhammad who exercised political authority.
A practice in China to make women more appealing as wives and concubines.
Foot binding
Lasted 1,000 years longer than the Western Roman Empire and had great political stability.
Byzantine Empire
A special court established by the Church to hear charges of heresy.
Inquisition
A map with Jerusalem at the center, Asia on top, Europe on bottom left, Africa on bottom right.
T-O Map
Firstborn males inherited the entire estate under this law.
Primogeniture Law
Who are the Shi’ites?
The smaller Islamic group (25–30%) that believes rulers should be descendants of Ali, Muhammad’s nephew.
Under Charlemagne's rule...
the Carolignian Empire (Holy Roman Empire) expanded
He was the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
From 600–1450, this city remained the primary center of Christian thought and culture.
Constantinople
The significance of the Battle of Manzikert.
Seljuk Turkish forces defeated the Byzantine Empire and captured the emperor
Two reasons T-O maps were developed.
reflected biblical understanding of nations, honored Jerusalem’s importance
This core curriculum was the foundation of European universities.
Liberal Arts
What is Hajj to Mecca?
Muslims make this pilgrimage for forgiveness of sins, one of the five pillars.
_______ defeated the Muslims at the _____________, stopping the Muslim advance into Europe. He was not the king, but served as a _________________.
Charles Martel; Battle of Tours; Mayor of the Palace
Identify three features of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian (527–565 AD).
Hagia Sophia, Justinian Code (Corpus Civilis), Territorial expansion, Iconoclasm, Plague
Historians must ask these questions when evaluating a person claiming to be a prophet.
Are the revelations from God, man, or demonic?
What was the inquisition? Which country most vigorously applied it?
a special court in which the church tried those accused of heresy; Spain's Inquisition was especially brutal and lasted for hundreds of years
Agricultural practices used to cultivate European land.
Cerealization
Who are the Sunnis?
The larger Islamic group (70–75%) that believes the leader should be chosen by consensus.
_______________ helped the pope by giving him land that became the ______________________ in return for making him king. Finally, his son, _________________ expanded the kingdom and became the first emperor of the _____________________.
Pepin the Short; Papl States; Charlemagne; Holy Roman Empire
What is the Great Schism?
The division of the church into East (Orthodox) and West (Catholic)
Refute at least three myths about the Crusades: 1) Western Christians attacked a peaceful Muslim world; 2) Crusades were waged for economic gain; 3) Crusades taught Muslims to hate & attack Christians; 4) Enlightened Muslim world was left in ruins by the Crusaders.
1 - Muslims attacked Christian pilgrims; Muslims always advanced through the sword; 2 - Some had economic motives, but Pope Urban launched the Crusades to protect Christians and holy lands; 3 - Muhammad taught Muslims to hate Christians; 4 - Muslims left destruction of other enlightened cultures in their wake.
_______________ was the social / legal system in which ___________ worked the land, while ________________ performed military service for ________________, or nobles that managed the land for the king.
Feudalism; serfs; knights; lords
A legal and social system where serfs worked the land and knights
Feudalism
What are the Six Articles of Islam?
God, Angels, Holy Books, Predestination, Day of Judgment, and Prophets
Who are the Rus and where did they live (be specific)?
The people who lived in the region stretching from the Arctic to the north shore of the Black Sea. Traded w/ Constantinople.
Two differences between Catholic and Orthodox Christianity.
Catholic – Latin, clergy could not marry; Orthodox – Greek, clergy could marry?
How did the Black Death contribute to social, economic, and political change?
Social: killed ⅓–½ of population, families torn apart, rural → urban; Economic: villages deserted, states bankrupted, serfdom withered; Political: Pope calls jubilee, Europe survives despite outbreaks.
Using the story of Muhammad's life, explain why historians argue that Islam is not a religion but a political system.
Muhammad converted a few people (150) during the first few years in Mecca. When he went to Medina, they didn't accept his message, so he killed and enslaved the people. From this point on, Islam was spread through the sword.