Reformation & Renaissance
He posted the 95 Theses in 1517 at Wittenberg, beginning the Reformation.
Martin Luther
Crusades were not unprovoked attacks—debunk this myth with logic or evidence.
Muslims were attacking Christians on pilgrimages to the Holy Land.
French king who said “I am the state.”
Louis XIV
Germany created a constitution here in 1848.
Frankfurt Assembly
He solved the problem of longitude with the marine chronometer.
John Harrison
Pope when the Reformation began; underestimated the threat.
Leo X
They were reformers who wanted to cleanse the English church.
Puritans
First chancellor of unified Germany in 1871.
Otto Von Bismarck
Communist leader who won the Nobel Prize and became South African president.
Nelson Mandela
Main intellectual movement of the Renaissance.
Humanism
Three core principles of the Reformation
By faith alone
By grace alone
Sola Scriptura (Bible alone)
Refute the myth that the Crusaders were just greedy and didn't really believe their own hype.
Some did take plunder, but others were faithful to Pope Urban's message to fight to preserve Christian lives and avoid greed.
Monarch who dismissed the Estates General and centralized power.
Louis XIV
Treaty signed by Spain & Portugal in 1494 to resolve new world claims.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Most important product of ~1457
Gutenberg Bible
The Reformation “went viral” thanks to these three factors.
Crusades taught Muslims to hate Christians—refute this.
Muhammad taught them to hate Christians in the Koran.
The king of Spain who attacked Protestants and sent the Armada to England.
Philip II
German leader who built military strength and caused pre-WWI tension.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
He printed the first English Bible using the press.
William Tyndale
King James I's greatest accomplishment (and the year he did it)
He hired 50+ scholars in 1611 to publish a Bible with political motives.
Crusades left the enlightened Muslim world in ruins—refute this.
Muslims destroyed ancient holy sites of Christians and Hindus.
Give four facts about the conflict between England, under Elizabeth II, and Spain, under Philip II.
Religious war - Philip invaded the Netherlands to make them Catholic. Elizabeth defended them.
Privateering & war - Elizabeth sent Walter Raleigh to pirate Spanish ships, while England built up her navy. Finally, the English fleet met the Armada and won.
Elizabeth was Protestant - fought for religious freedom for England.
Stalin's actions as leader of the Soviet Union
He led the gulag system and replaced peasant villages with collectivist farms.
Name and explain the term Renaissance
"Rebirth" - learning, art, culture