Free Will vs Determinism
Nature vs Nurture
Holism vs Reductionism
Idiographic vs Nomothetic
Psyc as a Science
100
Define free will and determinism
Free Will: People have complete control over all thoughts and actions Determinism: Thoughts and behaviours are controlled by external forces
100
Define Nature and Nurture
Nurture: Psychological characteristics are influenced by our environment and out individual experiences Nature: Psychological characteristics are influenced by genetic make up
100
Define holism and reductionism
Holism: Considers all part of a human as a whole and individual Reductionism: Breaks behaviours down into their component parts
100
Define Idiographic and Nomothetic
Idiographic: individual experiences and uniqueness Nomothetic: similarities between people that can make general laws
100

Name one reason why psychologists use the scientific approach

can isolate variables, highly controlled, quantitative, replicable, reliable, use of large samples easier.

200
Explain personal responsibility as what role it plays in the free will determinism debate
Technically we can do whatever we please but we do have a responsibility to abide by society rules and act justly. personal responsibility bridges the gap between each side by showing us that we can do as we please with certain external boundaries that should not be crossed.
200

What is nativism and empiricism? 

Nativism- some things were innate nature or heredity in humans. Empiricism- all knowledge comes from experience

200

One weakness holism

Great practical difficulty to investigate, Holistic assumes mind not same as body thus tend to ignore huge influence of biology. Holistic explanations tend to be more hypothetical.

200
What type of data does the idiographic approach collect? Give examples
It collects qualitative data. interviews, case studies, self-report measures, introspection, dream analysis
200

List 5 ethical considerations

Deception, Confidentiality, Consent, Observation, Withdraw, Deception

300
What is the difference between soft and hard determinism?
Hard determinism states that all human behaviour is determined by external forces that cannot be changed by the person. Soft determinism recognizes subjective experiences help determine our behaviour.
300

How does a shared environment affect identical twins IQ versus same twins in different environments? What does this suggest?

Shared environment generally results in VERY similar IQ for identical twins in different environments IQ will still be highly correlated. The fact the will not be exactly the same means that environmental factors must play a part in IQ not just genetics. Otherwise identical twins raised together in identical environments should have identical IQ scores.

300

one weakness of reductionism

Ignores complexity of human behaviour, ignores diathesis stress/interactionism

300

What is ONE psychological research methods that exemplify the nomothetic approach?

experiments

300

Define experimenter bias and demand characteristics. 

Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affect the results of the study. Demand characteristics is when the participant acts a certain way to help the results. 

400

Name and explain 2 types of determinism

Biological: thoughts and behaviours controlled by brain, genetic, hormones etc. Environmental: thoughts and behaviours are controlled by your surroundings and the rewards and punishments you get.

400

In Bowlby's research he suggested babies were born with behaviours such as crying and ability to smile what debate does this refer to?

Nature- these were innate behaviours and adaptive in an evolutionary sense to ensure attachment thus survival.

400

Name one strength holism

Integrate different explanations provide more complete understanding of behaviour, does not ignore complexity, examining behaviour functionally including social reasons for behaviour more useful in providing detail about behaviour.

400

Explain how the idiographic and nomothetic approaches can come together

Psychologist might use a case study and then develop experiments to further test a phenomenon.

400

How to reduce researcher bias?

Double blind techniques

500

Explain why aggression can be both biologically and environmentally determined.

Any of following: Answers may vary-MAOA gene, testosterone, brain injury plus trauma, abuse, family modelling violence in childhood

500
Give an example of how nature and nurture interact
Answers will vary
500

One strength of reductionism

Can be studied scientifically, Can inform treatments, Easily tested as can be broken into small components

500

Give an example of idiographic research we have explored in the Year 10 course.

Case studies such as HM, Genie, Romanian Orphans, Robertson and Robertson case studies on disrupted attachment of children separated from parents due to extended hospital stays. Patients with DID-Eva Black/White.

500

How to reduce demand characteristics?

Use of deception, single/double blind techniques.

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