Ultrasound Physics
Do all artifacts hinder the diagnostic accuracy of clinical ultrasound?
No! Some artifacts may be helpful.
Example: Tumors may be highlighted by artifacts.
Do vegetation's usually occur on the low pressure or high pressure side of the valve?
Typically attached to the low pressure side.
Describe Epstein's anomaly.
In Ebstein anomaly, the tricuspid valve sits lower than normal in the right ventricle. This makes it so that a portion of the right ventricle becomes part of the right atrium (becomes atrialized), causing the right atrium to be larger than usual.
What causes a parasternal friction rub?
A) Constrictive pericarditis
B) Tamponade
C) Pericarditis
D) Pericardial Effusion
E) Normal finding
D)
C) Pericarditis
TAPSE is abnormal if value is:
A) >1.7 cm
B) > 2.5 cm
C) < 1.7 cm
D) > 3.0 cm
C) < 1.7 cm
Describe the appearance of reverberation artifact.
Reverberation artifact appears as multiple, equally spaced echoes displayed on the image at ever increasing depths.
What are the 2 most common types of bacteria that may cause endocarditis?
The infection is normally caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria.
The four abnormalities that make up the tetralogy of Fallot include:
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy
The reason for using ultrasound gel is to:
A) conduct electricity
B) keep air out
C) protect pateints skin
D) Help transducer slide
B) keep air out
S' normal value should be:
A) > 9.5 cm
B) < 9.5 cm
C) > 15 cm
A) > 9.5 cm
With regard to ultrasonic images, what does hypoechoic mean?
Describes a structure that produces echoes that are LESS bright than echoes from surrounding tissues.
IV drug users usually will have endocarditis on which heart valve?
Tricuspid Valve
What anomaly occurs when the truncus doesn't divide?
Truncus Arteriosus
A 52 y.o. woman develops a murmur after a MI.
What is the most likely etiology?
A) pericarditis
B) pseudoaneurysm
C) VSD
D) ruptured papillary muscle
C) VSD
Normal LV Mass (indexed) is:
A) 49-115 g/m2
B) 88-224 g
C) 115-225 g/m2
A) 49-115 g/m2
What does anechoic mean as it relates to ultrasound?
Refers to the complete absence of echoes.
How does regurgitation of heart valves increase the likelihood of endocarditis?
Damaged endothelial cells from regurgitation create rough surfaces for bacteria to attach to.
In normal development which is the last to close?
A) ASD
B) PDA
C) VSD
D) PFO
E) UFO
D) PFO
Aortic regurgitation starts at the:
A) Beginning of IVCT
B) End of IVCT
C) Beginning of IVRT
D) End of IVRT
C) Beginning of IVRT
LV diastolic diameter (male) is severely abnormal if over:
A) 3.0 cm
B) 5.0 cm
C) 6.8 cm
D) 6.4 cm
C) 6.8 cm
What do you see when a Refraction artifact occurs?
A duplicate copy of the anatomic image is displayed on the image.
Name 2 things that you should describe about a vegetation when writing your report.
? Echogenicity/echo texture
? Size
? Aspect/shape
? Location
? Motion
A patient with a secundum ASD has a bubble study. It shows all EXCEPT:
A) Bubbles from RA to LA
B) Bubbles from RV to LV
C) Negative contrast jet in RA
D) Bubbles in Pulm Artery
B) Bubbles from RV to LV
Which of the following choices would NOT be used to correct for pulsed wave Doppler aliasing?
A) shift the baseline
B) use continuous wave doppler
C) use higher frequency probe
D) decrease sample volume depth
C) use higher frequency probe
LV diastolic volume (male) is considered severely abnormal if over:
A) 175 ml
B) 151 ml
C) 225 ml
D) 200 ml
C and D
200 ml cut off for severe