forgot
forget
forgotten
bad memories
I don't understand
100
these are two extremely common histological findings seen in Alzheimer's diseae
What are Amyloid-B plaques and tau tangles?
100
this is the main pharmacologic therapy for mild-severe AD
What are AChE inhibitors?
100
Lecanemab, an anti-Aβ antibody, can remove Aβ plaques from the brain, however, it is contraindicated in many patients due to this specific AE
ARIA => amyloid related imaging abnormalities (edema , hemorrhage) 
100
name that disease!
What is MSA?
100
name that pathology: "wet, wobbly, wacky"
normal pressure hydrocephalus
200
these enzymes cleave amyloid precursor protein to produce amyloid beta
What are B-secretases?
200
AB42 (toxic amyloid in AD) levels decrease is CSF and plasma in patients with AD, what is the hypothesized reason for this
There is more AB42 in the brain, but it's all getting deposited in plaques, so there is less in CSF and plasma
200
this is the MAIN difference between MCI and dementia
dementia = functional impairment!
200
this enlargement of both the lateral and third ventricle suggests what pathology
hydrocephalus of some sort
**in this case specifically normal pressure hydrocephalus
200
This gross brain specimen would be indicative of what kind of dementia?
What is FTD?
300
tau has this molecular modification in AD
What is hyperphosphorylation?
300
presence of this gene increases risk of early onset AD
What is ApoE4?
300
Current AD diagnosis is base on positive core 1 biomarkers. What are those biomarkers (hint: there are 3)?
amyloid PET
or
CSF Aβ42/Aβ40
or
plasma pTau217
300
name 3 common secondary causes of dementia
1. B12 deficiency
2. Wernicke encephalopathy
3. Wilson's disease
4. tertiary syphilis
5. HIV associated cognitive disorder
300
Three of the following symptoms must be present for an individual to be diagnosed with this dementia variant
What is Behavior variant of FTD?
**"The midlife crisis"
400
What is this chart telling us?
amyloid plaque formation starts 15 yrs before symptom onset and tau tangles begin to accumulate closer to onset
400
this is the typical amyloid level in a patient with symptomatic AD
What is >50?
400
also known as multi-infarct dementia, this dementia results in slow processing speed, executive function impairment, lack of insight, and mood changes
What is vascular dementia?
BONUS: Where in the brain does this happen>
400
this is a rapidly progressive dementia syndrome with myoclonus
What is CJD?
400
these pyramidal-shaped neurons consist of ....
abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein
500
Why are pTau181 and pTau217 levels better reflective of amyloid, not tau pathology?
amyloid deposition stimulates tau phosphorylation before the tay is forming tangles
500
this drug is a NMDA receptor antagonist that can be used in moderate to severe AD to try and temporarily slow the decline of pts
What is memantine?
500
The following symptoms are supportive features of what type of dementia?
What is DLB?
500
these are the general findings seen with frontotemporal dementia
*younger onset: 50s-60s
*there is a behavioral variant (R frontal)
*primary progressive aphasias (L frontal or L temporal)
*other tauopathies may be present (PSP, CBD)
500
this pathology shows numerous small white matter infarcts that are present in what kind of dementia?
What is vascular dementia?