Chapter 1:
Culture Collision
Culture Collision
This is the transfer of animals, plants, diseases, technology, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds upon their meeting.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Why do we care?
Dramatically impacted populations in both places (diseases and new crops/agriculture)
This system offered 50 acres for anyone who bought a share in the Virginia Company, as well as 50 acres per person they brought with them.
What is the Headright system?
Why do we care?
Incentivized wealthy Brits to invest in the colony project AND bring bodies to work the land (indentured servants)
Followers of this movement accepted the existence of a Creator on the basis of reason, but rejected the belief of a supernatural deity who interacts with mankind.
What is Deism/Deists?
Why do we care?
Manifestation of Enlightenment themes, includes many Founding Fathers
To avoid future conflicts with the Native Americans after the French & Indian War, the British government issued this, which banned all colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
What is the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
Why do we care?
Beginning of the end for Anglo-American relationship
This group of Patriots were formed in response to the Stamp Act and actively and violently resisted British occupation in the colonies.
Who are the Sons of Liberty?
Why do we care?
Forced the British's hand and motivated other colonists to action
This is what motivated the ORIGINAL European explorers to sail West.
What is access to silk and spices?
Why do we care?
Closure of Silk Road forced Spanish/Portuguese to seek new trade routes, led to discovery of the New World
Motivated by the three Gs, this Spanish fighting force caused the downfall of the Aztec/Mexica and Inca civilizations.
Who are the conquistadors?
Why do we care?
Immediate population destruction of the natives upon European arrival (diseases more than warfare!)
This is a business model in which investors share the costs, risks, and profits from the venture.
What is a joint-stock company?
Why do we care?
Responsible for founding of Virginia & Massachusetts
Despite its failure, this was one of the largest slave revolts in U.S. history.
What is the Stono Rebellion?
Why do we care?
Led to the passage of strict Slave Codes (explanation of relatively few slave rebellions)
This war was waged between the British and the French over territory in Canada and west of the Appalachian Mountains from 1754-1763.
What is the French and Indian War?
Why do we care?
Left Britain with a lot of debt >>> colonial taxes
This battle was the turning point for the colonists in the Revolutionary War in 1777.
What is the Battle of Saratoga?
Why do we care?
French (+Spanish/Dutch) aid enabled Washington and the Patriots to pull through
This is ONE reason why the British established permanent colonies in North America.
What is "economic opportunity, freedom from religious persecution, and/or mercantilism?"
Why do we care?
Permanence of the colonies led to population growth, which led to expansion
This is a pre-colonial American people that settled in Illinois and are known for their large mound and platform structures.
Who are the Cahokia?
Why do we care?
Example of diversity in native populations
This Christian group dominated the early New England colonies and sought to abandon all the "trappings" of the Catholic faith.
Who are the Puritans?
Why do we care?
Massachusetts/Salem, colonies founded in reaction to religious persecution (CT/RI)
This describes an economic relationship between the British colonists, Europe, and the west coast of Africa.
What is triangle trade?
Why do we care?
Example of mercantilism in action + accelerated race-based slavery in British colonies
This economic structure is the driving reason for the European colonization of the New World.
What is Mercantilism?
Why do we care?
Colonies are created to enrich the mother country, not make independent profit for themselves
The long winter of 1777-78 at this place took a fifth of George Washington's troops during the Revolutionary War.
What is Valley Forge?
Why do we care?
Shows influence of Friedrich von Steuben/Marquis de Lafayette and underdog status of Patriots
This is ONE way in which the American Revolution functioned as a civil war.
What is "colonist v. colonist (Patriot v. Loyalist) or British v. British (homelanders v. colonists?"
Why do we care?
Reframes our perspective of the conflict
This Meso-American people were responsible for the construction of the largest city in the New World, Tenochtitlan, and were overtaken by the Spanish starting in 1519.
Who are the Mexica/Aztecs?
Why do we care?
Example of advanced society in "New" World before European discovery, case study of negative effects of Columbian Exchange
This war was the last large-scale effort to stop British expansion in New England by indigenous people in the late 1600s.
What is King Philip's War?
Why do we care?
Theme of population growth > expansion > territorial disputes > British casualties and native annihilation/relocation/enslavement
Originally issued in the 1660s, these acts limited the colonists' ability to freely trade with the rest of Europe.
What are the Navigation Acts?
Why do we care?
Pushback from colonists forced British to adopt salutary neglect for a century
After the rejection of the Olive Branch Petition, Thomas Paine published this pamphlet arguing that it was time for the colonies to proclaim themselves an independent republic.
What is Common Sense?
Why do we care?
Helped convince many colonists to join Patriot cause
Washington waged this battle on Christmas morning, taking roughly 1,000 British captives and providing a morale boost for colonial troops.
What is the Battle of Trenton?
Why do we care?
Colonial morale boost, shows Washington's willingness to not play by formal war handbook
This is ONE thing that contributed to the decline of indentured servitude/rise of race-based slavery throughout the 18th century.
What is "fewer indentured servants available, undesirable working conditions, rural and isolated Southern population, increased life expectancy, Bacon's Rebellion, etc..?"
Why do we care?
Plantation model begins to spread across Southern colonies/states
This movement resulted in the splintering of Christianity into numerous sects, and the chaos that ensued was a push factor for many British people looking to leave the UK.
What is the Protestant Reformation?
Why do we care?
Drove people to New World, influenced religion in colonies
This was the first colonial constitution that established self-governance in the New World in 1620.
What is the Mayflower Compact?
Why do we care?
Theme of self-governance/determination and rule by body politic
This theory developed by John Locke directly influenced the Declaration of Independence and the founding fathers' approach to government.
What are natural rights?
Why do we care?
Life, liberty, property and consent of the governed
These were issued as a punishment for the Boston Tea Party and included the Quartering Act and installation of martial law in the city.
What are the Coercive/Intolerable Acts?
Why do we care?
Final straw before American Revolution (First Continental Congress assembled in response)
Blocked on all sides by the colonists and French, this was the surrender site of General Cornwallis and his British troops in 1781.
What is the Battle of Yorktown?
Why do we care?
Final conflict of the Revolutionary War, demonstrates crucial role of the French
This is one strength and one weakness EACH for the British and colonists in the Revolutionary War. (four things total)
Colonists:
-Strengths: home turf (also a weakness), guerilla tactics, rifles (range shooting), end goal
-Weaknesses: lack of supplies, lack of training, lack of organization, few foreign alliances (to start)
British:
-Strengths: weapons, supplies, military training, vetted generals, money
-Weaknesses: not on home turf, European enemies (France, Spain), military debt, end goal