stages in the womb
What is the first stage of prenatal development?
What is conception
What is the rooting reflex?
when the corner of the baby’s mouth is stroked or touched, the baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and root in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to begin feeding. This reflex lasts about 4 months
Who believed that a child's mind develops through a series of stages, in an upward march from the newborn's simple reflexes to the adult's abstract reasoning power?
Jean Piaget
What is secure attachment?
demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return
Which is the parenting style all parents should strive to be?
Authoritative parenting
What happens in the embryo stage of prenatal development?
The embryo's organs begin to form and function. The heart begins to beat. Many of the zygote's inner cells become the embryo and many of its outer cells become the placenta
What is the sucking reflex?
when the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck
what is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impression (what they see, hear, etc.) and motor activities (how they move)
What is insecure attachment?
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
Which parenting style imposes rules and demands obedience?
Authoritarian parenting
What is the time period of the germinal stage of prenatal development?
the first 10 days to 2 weeks
What is the grasping reflex?
stroking the palm of a baby’s hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp. The grasp reflex lasts until the baby is about 5 to 6 months old. A similar reflex in the toes lasts until 9 to 12 months
What is the preoperational stage in cognitive development?
the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
What is anxious attachment?
people constantly crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection
What is the outcome of authoritative parenting?
children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, self-regulation, and social competence
What happens during the sixth month of prenatal development?
The embryo becomes a fetus. Organs, such as the stomach, develop enough to give the fetus a good chance of surviving and thriving if born prematurely. Facial features, hands, and feet have formed.
What is the startle reflex?
in response to a loud sound or sudden movement, the baby throws back his or her head, extends out his or her arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in. this reflex lasts until the baby is about 2 months old
What is the concrete operational stage in cognitive development?
the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about events
What is avoidant attachment?
people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others
What is permissive parenting?
set few limits, make few demands and use little punishment
What are teratogens?
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
What is the babinski reflex?
occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out
What is the formal operational stage in cognitive development?
the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
What is temperament
a person’s innate and inborn characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
What is the outcome of negligent parents?
children with poor academic and social outcomes