Scary Skeletons
What are four functions of a skeleton?
Support
– against pull of muscles, against gravity
Protection
– from predation, from injury
There are 10 functions of skin! Name 8
Functions: Protection / Thermoregulation / Respiration / Absorption / Secretion / Excretion / Sensation / Hiding (Crypsis) / Warning (Aposematic Coloration) / Communication
What are the five levels of organization an animal body plan can have?
protoplasmic, Cellular
Cell-tissue
Tissue-organ
Organ-system
What are the three modes of movement?
Amoeboid
Cilia & Flagella
Muscular
What is the difference betwen protostome and deuterostome development?
• protostome
= mouth first
(stom = mouth)
• deuterostome
= mouth second
What is an example of an organism with each type of skeleton? (4 total examples)
Rigid: endoskeleton, vertebrae, exoskeleton, arthropods
Hydrostatic: fluid filled compartment annelids, nematods, or muscular, ie elephant trunk
What are the two layers of vertebrate tissue, and their origin?
-epidermis
(epithelium) ecto
-dermis
(CT) meso
What are the directional planes that would describe a cow?
Frontal, transverse, saggital
What are the two protein interactions that create muscular movement?
actin and
myosin
What is an example of a species with regulative development? Mosaic development?
invertebrates, mosaic, vertebrates, regulative
What is an example of an organism with each type of skeleton? (4 total examples)
Rigid: endoskeleton, vertebrae, exoskeleton, arthropods
Hydrostatic: fluid filled compartment annelids, nematods, or muscular, ie elephant trunk
What are the layers and components of invertebrate epidermis? Give a brief description of the layers
epidermis, cuticle
(arthropods & nematodes)
– non-cellular, dead covering layer
– proteins and/or chitin
An animal can have three gut structures. What are they, and give an example of an animal with each
complete, incomplete, absent
There are many components of muscular organization. Describe the levels of muscle tissue to their filaments (6)
Muscle (= Organ)
Muscle tissue
Muscle fascicles
Muscle fiber (= cell)
Myofibril
Myofilaments, actin and myosin
What is a hox gene, and what does it do?
HOX or homeotic genes
determine segment identity (AP patterning)
Where, in yuour femur, would you find compact bone, spongy bone? Where is bone marrow?
Spongy: prominent in areas of bones that are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many
directions
Compact: prominent in areas of bone at which stresses are applied in only a few directions
There are two types of color in skin tissues, give a description of the components of both
• Structural color, butterflies
• Pigments
– Pigment cells are called chromatophores
– melanin is a dark pigment, cells called melanocytes (aka melanophores
Diploblastic organisms have a different amount of germ tissue layers. What are the germ tissue layers in diplo vs triplo blastic?
Diploblastic animals: just endoderm and ectoderm
Triploblastic: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
Describe the structure of the myofilaments
Myosin heads on Thick (Myosin) Filament
Tropomyosin, Troponin on Thin (Actin) Filament
Anamniotes and amniotes sound the same. What is the difference between them, and an example of an organism for either?
Anamniotes: lack amnion, fish, amphibians
Amniotes:shell with extra membranes, vertebrates, reptiles
"How does the exoskeleton of an arthropod differ from that of a mollusk in terms of chemical composition? In terms of how it is secreted?"
chitin vs calcium & molting vs continuous excretion
Lizards have weird skin! Describe it's primary differences from other invertebrates
Scales are keratinous, from epidermis
• Ephemeral structures that are
regularly sloughed off
Triploblastic organisms can have multiple forms of a body cavity. Give examples of each.
pseudocoelomate: rotifers
aecoelomate: flatworms
enterocoelomate: vertebrates, echinoderms
:schizocoelomate: molluscs, annelids
Describe the process of muscle contraction from a nerve stimulatus.
1. nerve impulse (action potential)
2. release of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
3. binds to membrane receptors
4. excitation (Na+ influx) of mcm
5. excitation of mcm travels
6. release of stored calcium ions (Ca++) from
sarcoplasmic reticulum
7. calcium binds to troponin
Placental mammals are crazy. What are the differences between placental mammals and other amniotes? Also describe what a placenta is.
live young, extended gestation, placenta facilitating nutrient transfer, found in eutherian mammals, supports the umbilical cord, is a temporary organ connecting fetus to uterus