Prenatal Developmental Disorders
Birth defects of the central nervous system are called?
What is Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)
Three prenatal vitamins needed during pregnancy for development of fetus
What are Choline, DHA, and Folic Acid
When cells reach their destinations and express genes in order to acquire specific appearance and function
What is Differentiation?
One reason genetically identical individuals do not have identical brains or behavior
Examples of bad things that affect brain development
Alcohol, Nicotine, Drugs, Junk food, Tylenol, Viruses, Statins, and (possibly) caffeine
What are Neural Tube Defects caused by?
What is a problem with the development of the brain/spinal cord in a developing fetus?
Vitamin not in most prenatal
What is Choline?
Stage of neural development where there is proliferation of synapses and an extensive growth of axons and dendrites
What is Synaptogenisis?
Define Epigenetics
What is the study of factors that affect gene expression without changing the sequence of genes?
Developmental disorder caused by maternal ingestion of alcohol
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
The Neural Tube Defect that shows small gap in the spine (Myelomeningocele - bulge in the back)
What is Spina Bifida?
Specific vitamin that helps the bain and eyes develop
DHA - Docosahexaenoic acid (omega-3 fatty acid)
Stage of neural development where cells divide and become either neurons or glial cells (production of nerve cells)
What is Neurogenesis?
What does methylation do?
What is it modifies DNA and makes it less likely to be expressed?
What can occur if Tylenol is taken during pregnancy in the Perinatal stage of development
When a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull
What is Anencephaly?
Vitamin that can reduce neural tube developments by up to 70%
What is Folic Acid?
Death genes are expressed during this
What is Apoptosis or Cell Death?
Poor maternal care in mice induces what
What is a stress-response gene and a life-long heightened response to stress?
Due to Tylenol being taken during pregnancy what can occur during childhood development
What are increased chances for ADHD, Autism, Behavioral Difficulties & lowered IQ and language?
The neural tube defect that contains a sac-like protrusion of the brain, with incorrect closure of the neural tube during pregnancy (55% survival rate)
What is Encephalocele?
Importance of Choline intake during pregnancy
What is it helps with neural development (memory, attention, visual acuity), epigenetic programming (neonatal stress, fetal growth, disease risks), and placental function (cell growth, nutrition, anti-inflammation)
Stage where synapses are rearranged and retracted
What is Synapse Rearrangement?
If methyl groups are added stress gene expression can be reduced and causes
What are high stress and hormone levels, high stress, and low maternal instincts (licking and grooming)?
Due to Tylenol being taken during pregnancy what can occur during adolescence and adulthood?
What is early puberty onset?