According to...
According to Mary Ainsworth, what are the 4 types of attachment styles?
Secure, Avoidant, resistant/ambivalent, disorganized.
What's the difference between nature and nurture?
Nature relates to inherent behavior a person is born with while nurture relates to behavior shaped by a person’s environment.
What is the difference between a high-reactive infant and a low reactive infant?
High-reactive infants react more intensely and fearfully to new experiences while low reactive infants tend to be more sociable and calm.
A baby has so far only been around his own dog, a white, fluffy poodle, and sees a pitbull in the park and does not associate it with being a dog. What theory is this an example of?
Assimilation vs. accommodation
Give an example of a teratogen
X-rays, alcohol, tobacco products, mercury, viruses
According to Lev Vygotsky, which portion of his social development theory is the zone of proximal development?
The zone in which people can do something with help from someone else.
What is the difference between continuity theories on development and discontinuity theories on development?
Continuity theories state that development is gradual and difficult to notice while discontinuity theories state that it occurs in stages and differences are noticeable.
What are the three stages of the baby during pregnancy?
Zygote, embryo, fetus
Kevin decides not to skip class because he will get in trouble with the principal. What level and stage of moral development does this show?
Level 1, stage 1
Give an example of a situation in which a person’s actions would reflect level 2, stage 4 of moral development.
Level 2: Conventional morality
Stage 4: Authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order.
According to Jean Piaget what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
In which stage of psychosocial development does the industry vs. inferiority conflict occur and describe what this means and how it impacts development?
Stage 4; this conflict relates to whether a person feels satisfied by their accomplishments or if they feel as if they are not good enough; can lead to inferiority complexes.
What is a teratogen?
Anything that can harm the baby during pregnancy
Henry has been thinking about his job of 20 years and contemplating if he is happy with his career path or if he made the wrong choice. What stage of psychosocial development is he in?
Stage 7: Generativity vs. stagnation
Give an example of one of the criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory on moral development.
Carol Gilligan: said study focused on only boys which skewed results as boys tend to have more of an absolute attitude towards morality while girls tend to think more about situational factors and social influences.
Individualistic vs. collectivist cultures
According to the Kübler/Ross model, what are the five stages of grief in order?
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Which parenting style leads to children having higher self esteem, self-reliance, and social competence?
Authoritative; parents are responsive to children, children are responsive to parents.
What are the 6 Newborn Reflexes?
Rooting reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex, babinski reflex, stepping reflex, moro (startled) reflex.
A child’s parents, siblings, and family have so far been the most impactful in her development. Which system from Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory does this relate to?
Microsystem: immediate environment such as parents/school
Give an example of a factor that would fall into the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory.
Social and cultural values, economy, war, government
According to Harry Harlow’s experiment, which impacts attachment more, comfort or nourishment? Explain how he reached this conclusion.
Comfort, when monkeys were placed with “surrogate” mothers, the monkey placed with the surrogate made of wool with no bottle was more attached to its mother than the monkey placed with the mother made of wire that had a bottle.
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, what are the three stages and what is most commonly the highest stage people will achieve?
Preconventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality.
In stage 1 of psychosocial development, what is the conflict?
Trust vs. mistrust, babies learn if the world can fulfill their needs.
Tyler is 4 years old and begins to understand that other people around him have thoughts and perspectives too. What stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development is he in?
Stage 2, Preoperational Stage and he is developing the theory of mind.
Give an example of a developmental phenomena that occurs during the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development.
Object permanence, stranger anxiety