Piaget's stages
A child, Suzie, is easily able to walk on her own, and has started talking in short sentences. One of her favorite games is "water", where she will demand that her father pour water back and forth between a tall and narrow glass into a short and wide glass, while she watches in astonishment. What task is Suzie trying to learn in this scenario?
What is conservation?
This theory of development focuses on the role of the environment on how the child develops, and posits that children learn through scaffolding knowledge with more knowledgeable others.
What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development?
This level involves the interaction between the individuals in the child's microsystem and other individuals also in the microsystem (e.g., parents and siblings, teachers and parents).
What is the mesosystem?
Children typically develop fine motor control, such as manipulating small objects, at this age.
What is nine to twelve months?
This conflict is foundational to the other levels of conflict, and involves the infant needing to learn who presents a danger and who is a safe figure.
What is trust versus mistrust?
The transition from believing that an object ceases to be when it is out of sight (e.g., "peek-a-boo") to knowing that something still exists regardless of its ability to be seen is one of the key operations for infants to master in this stage.
What is sensorimotor?
This theory of development focuses on how people learn to be moral actors, culminating with post-conventional moral development.
What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
This layer of Bronfenbrenner's model describes larger societal influences, such as prejudices like racism and sexism, on a child's development.
What is the macrosystem?
This score, measured at one and five minutes after birth, assesses the newborn's breathing, muscle tone, skin color, heart rate, and reflexes.
What is an APGAR score?
In this stage, children seek to do many more tasks independently to accommodate their growing drive for autonomy and independence. Children can struggle with feelings of shame and guilt if they do not adequately develop this initiative.
What is initiative versus guilt?
This stage, typically encountered between the approximate ages of 7-11 years, involves mastering the use of logic in concrete ways, such as being able to manipulate the concrete rules of arithmetic.
What is concrete operational?
This stage theory of development focuses on children's cognitive development, and centers around the child's ability to pass certain paradigmatic cognitive challenges.
What is Piaget's theory?
This level of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory describes the environments a child does not directly interact with, but which still have an indirect effect on the child, such as a parent's workplace environment.
What is the exosystem?
What is the social smile?
In this conflict, typically occurring throughout adolescence, children struggle with separating from the roles they have been told to assume and defining their place in life and their environment on their own terms.
What is identity versus role confusion?
This cognitive operation, typically developed in the concrete operational stage, centers on a child's ability to recognize that objects can change states of matter or shape while still retaining their defining characteristics.
What is reversibility?
This theory of development involves eight unique conflicts, each of which the child must consistently master (or "solve") before they can begin to solve the next conflict.
What is Erikson's theory of development?
This level of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory describes the most immediate (and often most important) individuals in the child's life, such as teachers, nuclear family, close friends, and others.
What is the microsystem?
This task, typically developed around four or five years of age, is a child's ability to recognize independent emotional states and lives in others.
What is theory of mind?
In this stage, teens struggle with needing to work harder to develop and maintain social relationships, and can often lead teens to begin experimenting with romantic relationships.
What is intimacy versus isolation?
What is abstract thought and reasoning?
This tradeoff is one which all developmental psychologists wanting to create a theory of development must reckon with, with each choice having critical drawbacks to the model's explanatory power.
What is stage vs trait?
This level of Bronfenbrenner's model, sometimes neglected, accounts for how time and history impact the developing child. An example of this might be a parent's history as an immigrant to the US.
What is the chronosystem?
This skill, developed around thirty months of age, is crucial to children's cognitive and emotional development, allowing them to enhance their empathic attunement, increasing social skills, and building expressive and receptive language.
What is imaginative play?
In this stage, often emerging in middle and later adulthood, individuals struggle with distressing feelings relating to feelings of stagnancy, and try to overcome this by introducing activities that bring a greater sense of excitement and fulfillment to their life.
What is generativity versus stagnation?