Metabolism
Which pathway involves oxygen and what is it called?
Aerobic pathway; oxidative phosphorylation
What two hormones affect glucose levels in the blood?
Insulin, glucagon
What is the primary job of an enzyme?
Increase the reaction rate
Water moves from ___ concentration to ___ concentration.
High, low
What kind of solution makes an animal cell shrink?
In order to be used as an energy source, triglycerides (TG) must be broken down into ___.
FFA, Glycerol
The adrenal medulla secretes __________ and __________, which are commonly known as “fight-or-flight” hormones.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
(True or false) An enzyme’s active site has a specific shape that fits only certain substrates.
True
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a membrane.
(Yes or no) Does penetrating solute affect tonicity?
No
In what two forms are carbohydrates stored in the human body, and where is each form stored?
Glycogen – liver and skeletal muscle
Glucose – blood
Which two hormones regulate carbohydrate metabolism during exercise, and how do they change?
Insulin → Decrease
Glucagon → Increase
What is the minimum amount of energy that reacting molecules must have when they collide in order for a chemical reaction to occur?
Activation energy
Define isosmotic, hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic.
Isosmotic: Two solutions with equal solute concentrations.
Hyperosmotic: A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution.
Hypoosmotic: A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.
In which type of solution is a cell in osmotic equilibrium?
Isotonic
What is the term for when amino acids (proteins) are converted to glucose in the liver?
Gluconeogenesis
What are the main functions of cortisol in the body?
Gluconeogenesis, immune system suppressant, affects mood & memory, negative Ca balance, circadian rythmn
What are the two main parts of Michaelis-Menten Kinetics?
Vmax (maximal rate of reaction)
Km (substrate concentration at 1/2 the Vmax)
A solution has a molarity of 0.25 M. The solute completely dissociates with a dissociation factor of i = 3. What is the osmolarity of the solution?
Osmolarity=3×0.25=0.75 Osm/L
How does a hypertonic extracellular solution affect the intracellular fluid (ICF) volume of a cell?
Decrease
Assuming that each NADH produces 2.5 ATP and each FADH₂ 1.5 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, how many ATP are generated from the complete aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule?
30-32
List five hormones that are increased during exercise. Three from adrenal gland, one from pancreas and one from anterior pituitary.
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon
List four factors that influence the rate of enzyme reactions.
Reactant and product concentration, temperature, pH, activation energy barrier
What is the difference between molarity and osmolarity?
Molarity expresses concentration (mol/L or M) while osmolarity expresses the number of osmotically active particles (osmol/L)
____ measures the total solute concentration, while ____ predicts water movement based on _____ solutes.
Osmolarity
Tonicity
Non-penetrating solutes