Respiratory/ Circulatory
Digestion/ Skeletal
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Endocrine/ Animal Reproduction
100
In the human heart, deoxygenated blood enters which of the 4 chambers first?
Right atrium
100
Which of the following contains the most amount of stored energy?
A) Amino acid
B) Nucleic acid
C) Triglycerides
D) Monosaccharides (ex: glucose)
C) Triglycerides
100
Name 2 characteristics of innate immunity.
Genetically-programmed
Nonspecific
First line of defense (and 2nd line)
Physical barriers, toxic molecules, general phagocytic cells
Relatively quick response (minutes-hours)
100
What are the 4 key features of adaptive immunity?
Specificity to Pathogen
Distinguishing self from nonself
Diversity of antibodies
Immunological Memory
100
What hormone is important in determining developmental stages in grasshoppers?
Juvenile hormone (JH)
200
What is the main force that drives the flow of fluid in closed circulatory systems?
High blood pressure
200
A patient has a skeletal disease called Rickets. This patient experiences ________ which is caused by _________.
A) Brittle bones; collagen deficiency
B) Brittle bones; calcium phosphate deficiency
C) Flexible bones; collagen deficiency
D) Flexible bones; calcium phosphate deficiency
D) Flexible bones; calcium phosphate deficiency
200
When histamine is released from a mast cell, what will be the next event in the inflammatory response?
a) Histamine will target the phagocytes and cause apoptosis.
b) Histamine will kill the bacteria by lysis.
c) Histamine will bind to bacterial antigens.
d) Histamine will cause the blood vessel in the area to dilate and become leaky.
e) Histamine will stimulate Tc cells.
d) Histamine will cause the blood vessel in the area to dilate and become leaky.
200
These are sites on the antigen that the immune system recognizes. This is the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody’s variable region attaches itself.
Antigenic determinants/epitopes
vs
Antibody’s variable region = antigen binding site = paratope
200
Describe the two types of blocks against polyspermy.
Fast block:
- Rapid depolarization across membrane
- Ovum’s membrane becomes positive → blocks any more positively-charged sperm from entering (like repels like)
Slow block:
- Exocytosis of Ca2+ from egg's sarcoplasmic reticulum --> triggers release of cortical granules
- Cortical granules - (1) release enzymes the dissolve bonds b/w vitelline envelope and cell membrane and (2) absorbs water via osmosis to cause swelling b/w vitelline and egg membrane --> vitelline envelope moves outwards and hardens into the fertilization envelope
300
T/F: The function of air sacs in birds is ventilation and gas exchange.
FALSE - air sacs in birds are for VENTILATION only, not gas exchange.
In humans, our lungs serve both purposes: ventilation and gas exchange.
What’s the difference?
Ventilation - the physical act of breathing and bringing O2 in and CO2 out body (inhaling and exhaling)
Gas exchange - the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving across membranes
300
What is a major implication of the mouse-to elephant curve?
a) Medicinal dosing has a linear relationship with body mass
b) Food supply demands for coexisting animals
c) Smaller animals require more oxygen
d) Smaller animals require more food per gram
e) A mouse has a higher BMR than humans per gram of body weight
b, d, e
300
What do we call the molecular structures that are typically found on the surface of pathogens, such as sugars, and can bind to pattern recognition receptors?
PAMPs = Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
The binding of PRRs (ex: TLRs) to PAMPs triggers what?
300
What major process(es) is/are the reason(s) for the huge diversity of antibody and receptor antigen-binding regions? (MULTIPLE SELECT)
a) Germ line mutation
b) Somatic recombination
c) T cell “testing” in the thymus
d) RNA alternative splicing
b and d: Somatic recombination and RNA alternative splicing
Why is diversity of antibodies important?
Allows the immune system to recognize and fight a wide range of pathogens and foreign substances
300
Name at least 5 hormones released by the anterior pituitary. Name 2 released by posterior pituitary.
Anterior: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL
Posterior: Oxytocin, ADH (aka vasopressin)
400
When organisms are highly active, partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is relatively _______ and binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is relatively ________ .
Low; low
Remember: things want to flow from high pressure to low pressure!
Instead of hemoglobin/iron, what do arthropods use?
400
Which of the following is incorrect?
a) Osteoblasts - deposits new bone matrix
b) Osteoclasts - release calcium into ECF
c) Osteocytes - surrounded by bone matrix
d) Osteoclasts - dissolve bone matrix
e) Osteoblasts - withdraws calcium from bone bank
f) Osteoclasts - responsible for reabsorption of bone
e) Osteoblasts - withdraws calcium from bone bank
Osteoblasts add to / “deposit” calcium into bone bank.
Follow-up: A bear cub consumes a lot of its mother’s calcium-rich milk. Which are activated the most?
Osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteons, Haversian cells, osteoblasts
400
Interferons and pyrogens are examples of signaling molecules in the immune system called what?
What do interferons do? What do pyrogens do?
Interferons and pyrogens are examples of CYTOKINES.
Interferons - increases resistance of neighbor cells to infection, especially viruses.
Pyrogens - signals the brain to increase body temp when you’re sick (fever). Importance of fever?
Helps immune system work faster
Accelerates recruitment and production of lymphocytes
Speeds up metabolism for tissue repair
Increases phagocytosis
Makes it harder for heat-sensitive bacteria/viruses to survive
400
What characterizes a secondary immune response?
a. More antibody and T cell production
b. Memory cells create a “memory” of the antigen
c. Infection from a previously-encountered pathogen
d. What occurs when you get your first vaccination against a particular pathogen
e. Slower response
e. Infection from a previously-encountered pathogen
Vaccines are what type of immunity? What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
400
You are trying to identifying a hormone. After running some tests, you find out that the hormone does not target an endocrine gland. Which of the following is the best fits the description for this hormone?
a) FSH
b) ACTH
c) LH
d) TSH
e) GH
e) GH
What kind of hormones are all of the other hormones?
500
During inspiration, the diaphragm moves downward as it [contracts/relaxes], leading to a(n) [increase/decrease] in intrapulmonary pressure. As a result of the intrapulmonary pressure being [lower/higher] than atmospheric pressure, air flows [into/out of] the lungs.
Contracts; decrease; lower; into
What law does this demonstrate?
500
Which of the following materials makes up mollusc exoskeletons?
A) Calcium phosphate
B) Chitin
C) Calcium carbonate
D) Wax
E) Epithelial cells
C) Calcium carbonate
What about arthropod skeletons?
500
There are three things that result from complement system activation as discussed in class. Name all three.
Binding to pathogen surface so it is easier to recognize and be killed by phagocytes; labels pathogens for destruction (opsonization)
Activates inflammation; attracts phagocytes to infection site
Creates pores in a pathogenic cell and kills it (membrane attack complex = MAC)
500
What’s the key difference between B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors?
T-cell receptors
can only bind to antigens bound to MHC proteins on APCs
cannot recognize free antigens
need antigen presentation
Classes correspond to which T cells?
Vs
B-cell receptors (aka antibodies aka immunoglobulins)
can recognize and bind to free antigens
does not need to utilize MHC proteins for antigen presentation
500
Scientists discover a new hormone that travels to target cells, enter the cells by diffusion through the cell membrane, and stimulate the production of proteins. Based on this information, which hormone class do you think this new hormone belongs in?
Steroid - explain?
The only class that is hydroPHOBIC
→ can therefore diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane (doesn’t need second messenger)
→ can bind to INTRAcellular receptors on nucleus
→ gene activation, but hormone response is lagged due to transcription and translation