Flowers, Pollination, Fertilization
Embryo, Fruit, Seed Development
Species Distribution, Pop. Growth, Life Histories
Competition, Predation, Trophic Interactions
Community Ecology, Energy Flows, Nutrient Cycles, Climate
100
This type of pollination requires copious amount of pollen as the pollen is often spread via wind or water.
Non-targeted
What is the other type? Mechanism?
100
What is the hormone associated with dormancy?
ABA = abscisic acid hormone
100
What two things define a climate?
Temperature and water availability/precipitation
100
Which of the following best describes Mullerian mimicry?
A) A harmless species mimics a toxic species
B) A predator learns to avoid only one of the species
C) Both species involved are toxic
D) Both species gain protection by looking different from each other
C) Both species involved are toxic
What is the other type of mimicry called? Is the mimic species harmful?
100
Two most abundant elements in the atmosphere?
Three most abundant elements in the universe?
In atmosphere: Nitrogen (N2) and Oxygen (O2)
In the universe: Hydrogen, helium, and oxygen
200
T/F: Double fertilization happens in all vascular plants.
FALSE, only in angiosperms (flowering plants)
2 sperm in each pollen/pollen grain
1 fuses with egg (fertilization)---> zygote
1 fuses with central cell---> endosperm
Is the endosperm 1n or 2n?
200
This is the process by which plants flower after being exposed to prolonged cold.
Vernalization
200
This dispersion pattern is when the members of species create equal distances among each other, usually because being too close together is harmful for the individuals.
Regular
200
What happens when the tobacco hornworm feeds on jimsonweed?
A) The plant produces toxins that kill the caterpillar
B) The plant grows in size to accommodate the caterpillar's needs
C) The plant produces a chemical that repels all herbivores
D) The plant produces a chemical that attracts parasitoid wasps to attack the caterpillar
D) The plant produces a chemical that attracts parasitoid wasps to attack the caterpillar
200
Complete the following statements:
1. Larger islands have _______ diversity.
2. Larger populations have ______ extinction rates.
3. Communities that are fragile tend to have ______ diversity.
Greater; lower; less
300
What is it called when fertilization is blocked between plants that are too genetically similar? And what is the evolutionary advantage of this?
Self-incompatibility; It serves as a genetic barrier to inbreeding/self-fertilization, reducing chances of genetic defects in the population.
300
What enzyme is produced by aleurone cells in the presence of gibberellin (GA) hormone? What does that enzyme do?
a-amylase; digests starch in endosperm → sugar for embryo
300
[More/less] corridors and [more/less] land mass are correlated with greater species richness.
More; more
Corridors = physical connections among patches, which are essentially the opposite of what?
300
In the legume-rhizobium relationship, the plant fixes carbon for the bacteria and the bacteria fixes nitrogen for the plant. What type of interaction is this?
Mutualism
How does the rhizobium fix nitrogen?
300
This term used to describe the current geological age, when human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment. This is known as the sixth great extinction.
The Anthropocene / Holocene extinction
Anthro = human, cene = new
400
Terminal cell : embryo :: Basal cell : _____________
Suspensor
400
What pigment in leaves responds to photoperiods?
What light activates and what light inactivates this pigment molecule?
Phytochrome- activated by RED light; inactivated by far-red light
400
1. Animals that follow this type of survivorship curve is characterized by many offspring and low parental care.
2. What type of strategist is an animal with said survivorship curve most likely to be?
Type 3; r strategist
r strategist
High reproduction rates
High early mortality rates (Type III survivorship)
Limited parental investment
Broad range of habitats, often unpredictable
Many offspring that are small
Population size fluctuates
400
With each energy/trophic level… [increase/decrease]
Reproduction rates ___________
Populations ___________
Body sizes ___________
- How much energy is actually transferred to the next trophic level?
Decrease, decrease, increase; 10%
400
1. This term refers to the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
2. There are the areas where O2 levels are too low for aquatic life to survive.
1. Eutrophication
2. Dead zones - example?
500
Corn is both wind pollinated and monoecious. Based on this, which organs would you expect to find present in the flowers on corn ears, where the seeds develop?
A) Sepals, petals, stamens, pistil
B) Sepals, stamens, pistil
C) Sepals, petals, pistil
D) Sepals, pistil
E) Petals, stamens, pistil
D) Sepals, pistil
500
Florigen (FT) is directly regulated by ___________ protein. This protein acts as a key transcriptional activator for the gene that encodes FT, essentially controlling FT production in response to light cues to initiate flowering in plants.
CONSTANS (CO) protein
500
Determine which one in each pair would more likely result in greater abundance of a species?
Generalist OR Specialist
Smaller OR larger body
Social OR solitary behavior
Introduced vs. native species
Generalist, smaller body, social, introduced species
500
In the trophic cascades in Yellowstone National Park and in the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest, the wolves in the former plays the same role as what species in Yellowstone?
Sea otters
No sea otters → High population of sea urchins → Overconsumption of giant kelp → Not enough food source for other species in the area
No wolves → High population of elk → Overgrazing → Stream erosion
Wolves and sea otters are examples of what?
500
Determine if each statement is true or false, and provide explanation:
1. In last century, plants have been growing faster than any time in last 54,000 years.
2. The increase of CO2 from burning fossil fuels is causing an increase in ocean pH, causing the formation of bicarbonate and H+ ions. This is interfering with shell formation ability of ocean organisms.
1. True - Primarily due to the significant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels.
2. False - increase of CO2 causes a decrease in ocean pH; ocean acidification