Patho
What is the primary cause of T2DM?
How much is 1 serving of a carb?
15 grams
What are recommendations for Pre-diabetes?
1.General balanced diet
2.Increase fiber: try to consume the at least the recommended amount of dietary fiber.
3.Recommend carbohydrate foods rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
4.Diabetes Plate Method
What is a sign/symptom of hyperglycemia?
Polydipsia, hunger, fatigue, polyuria, blurry vision, non-healing sores
What is the most common oral DM medication?
Metformin
What is an islet cell?
clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy.
What are nutrition interventions for T2DM?
Lifestyle modifications (diet and exercise) to improve BG, lipids, and BP
Nutrition education (carb counting) and counseling
Energy Restriction**
Blood glucose monitoring to determine adjustments in food or medications
What are the components of the diabetes plate
1/2 non-starchy vegetables, 1/4 carbs/ and 1/4 protein
•Feeling shaky
•Being nervous or anxious
•Sweating, chills, and clamminess
•Irritability or impatience
•Confusion
•Fast heartbeat
•Feeling lightheaded or dizzy
•Hunger
•Nausea
•Color draining from the skin (pallor)
•Feeling sleepy
•Feeling weak or having no energy
•Blurred/impaired vision
•Tingling or numbness in the lips, tongue, or cheeks
•Headaches
•Coordination problems or clumsiness
•Nightmares or crying out during sleep
•In some cases: seizures
How is insulin categorized?
Onset, peak, duration
What is the purpose of glucagon?
Glucagon's role in the body is to prevent blood glucose levels from dropping too low. To do this, it acts on the liver: It stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen (stored in the liver) to glucose, which can be released into the bloodstream.
What are nutrition interventions for T1DM?
Insulin therapy should be integrated into dietary and physical activity patterns
Intensive Management or pump – adjust meal/snack doses based on CHO content
Fixed insulin doses – consistent carbohydrate meal plan
Planned exercise – adjust insulin; unplanned exercise – extra CHO
How much physical activity is appropriate for an adult with diabetes?
150min/week of moderate-intensity
What is a treatment of hypoglycemia?
•Immediate treatment with carbs. Treat with 15g of carbs. (15/15 rule)
•3 glucose tablets
•4-6oz of fruit juice
•6 saltines
•1 tablespoon of syrup or honey
•Retest and treat with 15g of carbs until levels return to normal.
once or twice daily
Which diagnosis is described as an autoimmune disease that occurs when T-cells attach Beta cells?
T1DM
What are the risk factors for GDM?
Maternal age over 25
Overwight or obese
Previous large baby for gestational age greater than 9lbs
Multiple pregnancys
Family hx of GDM or DM
How many carb servings per meal for adult male?
4-5 srvings
What are the two long-term consequences of untreated DM?
Macrovascular and Microvascular diseases
Which disease state are SGLT2 inhibitors also used for?
HF, CKD, CV
What is defined as the inability of the target cells to respond to normal amounts of circulating insulin?
Insulin Resistance
Describe the exchange system
In the exchange system, foods with a similar amount of carbohydrate per serving size are grouped together. The foods within each list can be “exchanged” for one another during meal planning, and you end up with about the same amount of carbohydrate.
How many carb servings per meal for a female adult?
3-4 servings
What is characterized by numbness, tingling, weakness, pain
Neuropathy
Which oral medication lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin release from the beta cells?
Sulfonylureas