Patho
What two hormones keep blood glucose stable?
Insulin and glucagon.
An A1c of ≥ _______% indicates diabetes.
6.5%.
Name one of the three “P’s” of hyperglycemia.
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.
What insulin type has no peak and lasts about 24 hours?
Long-acting (glargine/detemir)
How often should diabetic feet be inspected?
daily
In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys which pancreatic cells?
Beta cells.
How long must a patient fast before a fasting plasma glucose test?
8 hours.
Which type of respirations occur in metabolic acidosis?
Kussmaul respirations.
Which oral medication must be held 24–48 hrs before contrast dye?
Metformin
What should a patient do before exercise if using insulin?
Eat a 15 g carb snack.
What is the process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources called?
Gluconeogenesis.
What is the diagnostic glucose level for a 2-hour OGTT?
≥ 200 mg/dL.
What microvascular complication can lead to blindness?
Diabetic retinopathy.
Which drug class is taken with the first bite of each meal?
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol).
What should you NEVER do with diabetic feet?
go barefoot
Which hormone stimulates the liver to release stored glycogen?
Glucagon.
Ketones in urine plus BG >300 mg/dL indicates what?
Medical emergency → possible DKA.
What autonomic neuropathy effect makes hypoglycemia dangerous?
Loss of warning signs (no tremors, palpitations).
What type of insulin is the only type of insulin that can be mixed with short-acting?
intermediate acting
When should a diabetic patient avoid exercising?
If blood sugar is <80 or >250 mg/dL.
What are the two primary defects in Type 2 diabetes pathophysiology?
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
What lab represents average blood glucose over 120 days?
Hemoglobin A1c.
What are the three major macrovascular complications?
CAD, CVD (stroke), PVD.
Metformin must be stopped before tests using what type of dye?
Contrast dye
What should someone do during a sick day?
Check blood sugar more often and stay hydrated.