Pathophysiology
This is the primary defect in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, where cells fail to respond properly to insulin?
What is insulin resistance?
This drug class works by activating AMPK, reducing hepatic glucose production, and improving insulin sensitivity.
What are biguanides (metformin)
This acute complication of T2DM is characterized by severe dehydration, extremely high glucose levels, and no ketosis.
What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
This hormone is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and promotes glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue.
What is insulin
This drug class works by inhibiting intestinal alpha-glucosidases, delaying carbohydrate absorption.
What are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose)
This organ is responsible for increased hepatic glucose production in T2DM, contributing to fasting hyperglycemia?
What is liver?
This GLP-1 agonist is administered once a week and has high homology to human GLP-1.
What is liraglutide (Victoza)
This is chronic complication of T2DM is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
What is diabetic nephropathy
This hormone, secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis.
What is glucagon
This drug class blocks KATP channels in pancreatic beta cells, leading to increased insulin secretion.
What are sulfonylureas (glimepiride)
This hormone, secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, contributes to hyperglycemia by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?
What is glucagon
What are SGLT-2 inhibitors
This complication of T2DM is characterized by nerve damage, leading to sensory deficits and burning pain in the feet.
What is diabetic neuropathy
This hormone, co-secreted with insulin, slows gastric emptying and promotes satiety.
What is amylin
This drug class activates GLP-1 receptors, enhancing insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon.
What are GLP-1 agonist (exenatide)
This term describes the progressive loss of beta-cell function and mass in T2DM, leading to a decreased insulin secretion?
What is beta-cell dysfunction
This DPP-4 inhibitor increases levels of GLP-1 and GIP, enhancing insulin secretion and reducing glucagon.
What is sitagliptin (Januvia)
This condition is a rare but serious side effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors, characterized by high ketone levels without significant hyperglycemia.
What is euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis
This incretin hormone is secreted by intestinal L-cells and enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
What is GLP-1
This drug class inhibits DPP-4, increasing levels of GLP-1 and GIP to enhance insulin secretion.
What are DDP-4 inhibitors (saxagliptin)
This theory, proposed by DeFronzo, describes eight key pathophysiological defect in T2DM, including insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.
What is the Ominous Octet
This drug class binds to PPAR-gamma receptors, improving insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and muscle.
What are thiazolidinediones
This macrovascular complication of T2DM is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, often resulting in myocardial infraction or stroke.
What is atherosclerosis
This hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, improves insulin sensitivity but is reduced in obesity.
What is adiponectin
This drug class works by inhibiting SGLT-2 in the kidneys, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion.
What are SGLT-2 inhibitors (empagliflozin)