💉 Pathophysiology
What hormone is deficient in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin
What is the first-line oral medication for Type 2 diabetes?
Metformin
Name the 3 P's of diabetes symptoms.
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
What is the first action when a diabetic patient feels dizzy and shaky?
Check blood glucose
What is a normal fasting blood glucose level?
70-99 mg/dL
What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
What is a common side effect of insulin?
: Hypoglycemia
What is a symptom of hypoglycemia?
Shakiness, sweating, confusion
What teaching is important for insulin injection?
Rotate sites to prevent lipodystrophy
What fasting glucose level is diagnostic of diabetes?
126 mg/dL or higher
In Type 2 diabetes, what causes insulin resistance?
Cells fail to respond to insulin properly
What class of medication increases insulin sensitivity but is contraindicated in heart failure?
Thiazolidinediones (e.g., pioglitazone)
What might fruity breath indicate in a diabetic patient?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
What is a key teaching point for diabetic foot care?
Inspect feet daily, wear proper footwear
What A1C value suggests diabetes?
6.5% or higher
What organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
Which injectable medication class promotes weight loss and slows gastric emptying?
GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide)
What skin condition is often seen in insulin resistance?
Acanthosis nigricans
Why is timing important for rapid-acting insulin?
To prevent hypoglycemia; must be taken with meals
What does the A1C test measure?
Average blood glucose over 3 months
Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
Beta cells
What medication causes glucose to be excreted through the urine?
SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin)
Which type of diabetes typically presents with sudden onset?
Type 1 diabetes
How should you treat a conscious patient with hypoglycemia?
Give 15g of fast-acting carbs (e.g., juice)
What blood pH value might be found in DKA?
Below 7.35 (acidotic)