Type 1 DM
Three classic clinical manifestations of diabetes (hint: 3P's)
What are polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
The main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics is that type 2 diabetics _________.
Still produce insulin but have reduced insulin sensitivity or decreased insulin production.
Recommended daily alcoholic beverage intake for people with diabetes
1 beverage/day - Women
2 beverages/day - Men
Name 4 symptoms of hypoglycemia
Sleepiness, sweating, pallor, lack of coordination, irritability, hunger
Most commonly occurs in type I diabetes
DKA - Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Insulin is secreted by these cells which are located in the islets of Langerhans in this organ.
What is beta cells and the pancreas?
Type 2 diabetes usually start off (Mild or Suddenly) and include what symptoms (List 3)
What is Mild
What are fatigue, irratability, poor wound healing, yeast infections, blurred vision, polyuria, or polydipsia
When should glucose levels be checked?
Before meals, snacks, exercise & bedtime
Your patient is awake, but showing signs of hypoglycemia and has a blood glucose level of 54 mg/dL. What should you treat them with?
15gm of fast-acting, concentrated carbohydrates
Example: 3-4 glucose tablets or 4-6oz juice or regular soda (Not diet)
Precipitating events are frequently omission of insulin and stress
DKA - Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Gluconeogenesis results in the production of these, highly acidic substances, that are formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin
What are ketone bodies?
Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes include these. (list 3)
What are obesity, age, previous impaired glucose tolerance, HTN >/= 140/90, triglycerides >/= 250, gestational diabetes, or babies over 9lbs
This test measures glucose control over the previous 3 months by measuring the amount of glucose binded to hemoglobin and should be below 7% in diabetic patients.
Glycated Hemaglobin - Hemoglobin A1c
Normal range 4-6
What is the best way to prevent diabetes associated complications
Meticulous blood glucose control!
Has a higher mortality rate
HHS - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome
10-20% as opposed to 1-5%
This occurs when excessive glucose is secreted in the urine (hint: leads to excessive loss of fluid & electrolytes)
Osmotic Diuresis
Type 2 Diabetes can be prevented with these 2 lifestyle changes
What are weight loss >7% and physical activity of moderate intensity
This type of Diabetes requires exogenous insulin for life
What is Diabetes type 1
The leading cause of blindness among 20-74 year olds.
What is diabetic retinopathy?
It is likely to see Kussmaul respirations, low pH, and ketones in the blood and urine
DKA - Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Insulin-producing cells in the pancreas can be destroyed by a combination of these factors.
What are genetic, immunologic, and environmental (viral) factors?
Name 3 of the 5 components of diabetes management
Nutritional therapy, Exercise, Monitoring, Pharmacological therapy, & Education
The only type of insulin given IV
Name 3 types of complications resulting from uncontrolled diabetes
Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, macrovascular, wound healing complications
Occurs most often in older adults with Diabetes type 2 or those with no known history of DM.
HHS - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome