Type 1
Type 1 is also known as
juvenile diabetes/ auto-immune diabetes
What is a precursor to Type 2
Prediabetes
Include: complex carbs (whole-grains, brown/wild rice), fiber, lean protein, non-starchy veggies (broccoli, carrots, leafy greens), and low-fat dairy products.
Avoid: simple carbs (white rice/bread), complex proteins (red meat, processed meat), sugars/fats, fruits high in sugar (bananas/grapes)
What is Neuropathy
Numbness, tingling, burning sensation in hands/feet from nerve damage.
about 50% of people with diabetes have nerve damage
Target Glucose levels
Before a meal: 80-130
After a meal: less than 180
What percent of people have Type 1
10%
What percent of people have Type 2
90%
What are 3 types of carbs
Sugar: naturally occurring sugars/added sugars. Raise BS levels very quickly after ingesting.
Starch (complex carb): raise blood sugars levels quickly but not as fast as sugar
Fiber: found in plant-based foods (veggies, fruit, beans, whole-grains). Our bodies do not digest fiber, helps keep us fuller for longer and encourages bowel movements.
All three on nutrition label known as "Total carbohydrate"
Diabetes affects what delicate filtering system
kidneys
Severe damage can lead to kidney failure or irreversible end-stage kidney disease.
Influenced by genetics, blood sugar control and blood pressure.
High blood pressure is second leading cause of kidney disease
Symptoms of diabetes (10)
Increased thirst
Weak, tired
Blurred vision
Numbness/tingling in hands/feet
Slow-healing sores or cuts
Unplanned weight loss
Frequent urination
Frequent unexplained infections (women more prone to yeast infections/UTIs)
Dry mouth
Extreme hunger when A1C is high
True or False: Insulin producing cells are destroyed
True: unable to produce any insulin
True or False: pancreas is unable to produce insulin
False: the pancreas is able to produce some insulin but does not produce enough insulin or does not respond normally to the insulin it produces
Carb Recommendation for Men vs Women per meal
Men=60-75 grams
Women=45-60 grams
Number one cause of death in people living with diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Chances of having a stroke are 1.5 times higher
Lower your risk by maintaining BS, BP, and cholesterol levels
Low blood sugar vs high blood sugar
Low=Hypoglycemia, 70 or less
May feel weak/shaky, sweaty, dizzy, sudden hunger, confusion, pale skin, numbness in mouth/tongue, irritable, unsteady, bad dreams/restless sleep, blurred vision, headaches, seizures. May pass out
High= Hyperglycemia, >130 in AM or >180 in PM
Should make good choices regarding food, take insulin, exercise to lower BS
Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes
Exact cause is unknown. Family history of type 1, physical stress, exposure to illness caused by a virus, an injury to the pancreas can increase likelihood.
Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Family history, being overweight, high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol), high triglyceride level.
45yrs+ and Race (African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander)
Describe Diabetes Plate Method
fill half of plate with non-starchy vegetables
fill one quarter with lean proteins
fill one quarter with complex carbs
water or 0-calorie drink
Why are people with diabetes at increased risk for amputations
Nerve damage: lack of feeling in foot, may not be aware of foot injuries
Poor circulation: causes slow, poor healing injuries
Increased risk of infection
Calluses: occur often and can turn into ulcers
What is A1C
Blood test to diagnose diabetes
Monitors how well blood sugar levels are being managed
Reflects blood sugar from past 2-3 months
Less than 5.7%=normal
5.7%-6.4%=prediabetes
Greater than 6.5%=diabetes
A1C testing: 1x a year if prediabetic, 2x a year if do not use insulin/BS is consistently in target range, 4x a year if you take insulin or difficulty keeping BS levels in target range
How do Type 1 symptoms progress
very quickly, over a few weeks or months. Begin early in life (child, teen, or young adult)
Additional symptoms include nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains
How do type 2 symptoms progress
May not have any symptoms at all or may not notice them since they develop slowly over several years. Symptoms usually develop when you're an adult
Alternate diets that promote healthy weight/blood sugar levels
Mediterranean diet, vegetarian, vegan, DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension)
What is Ketoacidosis
cells unable to get the glucose needed for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy. This produces ketones, which build up in the blood and make it more acidic, poisoning the blood.
Can develop DKA, can lead to diabetic coma or death
Most distinguished symptom: fuity odor on the breath
1) The client with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is taught to take the isophane insulin suspension NPH (Humulin N) at 5 pm each day. The client should be instructed that the GREATEST risk of hypoglycemia will occur at about what time?
a. 11 am shortly before lunch
b. 1 pm, shortly after lunch
c. 6 pm, shortly after dinner
d. 1 am, while sleeping
d. 1am, while sleeping
Rationale: NPH insulin/Humulin N is an intermediate insulin which peaks in 6-8 hours. Therefore, the client is at greatest risk at 1 am while sleeping. In order to help prevent this hypoglycemic episode, the client should eat a bedtime snack.