Type 1
Type 2
Oral hypoglycemics
Insulin therapy
DKA
100
Autoimmune destruction of β-cells Total absence of insulin
What is Type 1 diabetes?
100
Risk factors: overweight, obesity, advancing age, family history Increasing prevalence in children Greater prevalence in ethnic groups
What is type 2 diabetes?
100
Oral hypoglycemic agent which works by reducing glucose production in the liver, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and improves glucose transport into cells?
What is metformin (Glucophage)
100
Which anatomical location is preferred for insulin injection because of rapid absorption?
What is the abdomen
100
what are precipitating factors of DKA
What is illness, infection, inadequate insulin dosages, undiagnosed type 1 diabetes, poor self-management and neglect
200
Onset in people younger than 40 years
What is type 1 diabetes
200
is defined as impaired glucose intolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or both. It is an intermediate stage between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes in which the blood glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to meet the diagnostic criteria for diabetes.
What is prediabetes
200
which oral hypoclycemic agent has the primary action of increasing insulin production by the pancreas and carries a high risk of hypoglycemia as a side effect?
What is glipizide (Glucotrol, a sulfonylurea)
200
what is the onset, peak, and duration of Humalog ad Novolog?
What is onset 10-30min, peak 0.5-3hr, duration 3-5hr
200
What is the initial goal of therapy for the pt presenting with DKA
What is to establish IV access and begin fluid and electrolyte replacement
300
the most prevalent type of diabetes, accounting for over approximately 90% to 95% of cases of diabetes.
What is Type 2 Diabetes
300
greatest risk factor of type 2 diabetes
What is obesity
300
What should a pt taking a Biguanide oral hypoglycemic agent be instructed to do before surgery or radiologic procedures?
What is discontinue the med (metformin, glucophage) a day or two before the procedure and may restart taking the medication 48 hours after the procedure if renal function is normal
300
what type of insulin is cloudy, has an onset of 1.5-4hr, peak of 4-12hr and duration of 12-18hr?
What is intermediate acting (NPH, Humulin N, Novalin N)
300
what should be initiated when the patient who is being treated for DKA has a blood sugar approaching 250mg/dl
What is administer 5% to 10% dextrose added to fluid regimen to prevent hypoglycemia and a sudden drop in glucose that can be associated with cerebral edema
400
Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin Insulin insufficient or poorly utilized Multiple etiologic factors Obesity is greatest risk factor Genetic component increases insulin resistance and obesity
What is type 2 diabetes?
400
signs and symptoms of Type 2 diabetes
What is Nonspecific symptoms Classic symptoms of type 1 may manifest Fatigue Recurrent infection Recurrent vaginal yeast or candidal infection Prolonged wound healing Visual changes
400
what class of oral hypoglycemics work to increase insulin production by the pancreas but are more less likely to cause hypoglycemia?
What is Meglitinides (Starlix)
400
What type of insulin does not have a peak
What is long acting (glargine, detemir, Lantus, Levemir)
400
What is essential to be obtained before initiating IV insulin therapy in the critical pt with DKA
What is serum potassium level
500
classic symptoms of Type 1 diabetes
What is Polyuria (frequent urination) Polydipsia (excessive thirst) Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
500
nonpharmacological way to manage type 2 diabetes
What is a regimen of proper nutrition, regular physical activity, and maintenance of desirable body weight is sufficient to attain an optimal level of blood glucose control.
500
What type of oral hypoglycemics are most effective for people who have insulin resistance but are contraindicated in pts who have heart failure or at risk for cardiac events?
What is Thiazolidinediones (Actos)
500
what insulin regimen most closely mimics endogenous insulin production
What is basal-bolus regimen which uses rapid or short-acting (bolus) insulin before meals and intermediate or long-acting (basal) background insulin 1 or 2 times a day
500
what are signs and symptoms of DKA
What is rapid deep breathing (Kussmaul's respirations) dry mouth, N/V, confusion, lethargy, flushed dry skin, sunken eyes, sweet smelling breath (acetone) rapid weak pulse, KETONURIA and glycosuria, orthostatic hypotension
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