Anxiety Disorders
Patient Scenario: Adam, a 6-year-old, Caucasian boy, presents to your office with his parents due to concerns about his communication difficulties. At school and in social settings, Adam consistently refuses to speak, even though he communicates comfortably and fluently at home with his family. His parents report that he has never spoken a word at school, even though he started attending over a year ago. Teachers have noticed his lack of verbal communication and his reliance on nonverbal cues like nodding or shaking his head. Despite being developmentally on track in other areas, Adam's silence is causing him significant distress and hindering his ability to fully participate in classroom activities and form social connections with peers. His parents are concerned about the impact on his academic and social development. What is the most appropriate preliminary clinical diagnosis?
What is Selective Mutism?
With the publication of the DSM-5, ADD and ADHD were combined into this one diagnosis with 3 presentations.
What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
This is the proper clinical diagnosis that describes what is known as "multiple personalities" in popular culture.
What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Most antidepressant medications can also treat mild-moderate ____ as well as depression without as many side effects and risk for dependence, which is why they are often prescribed before more anxiety-specific medications.
What is anxiety?
This is a two word term used in diagnostic features of anxiety disorders, particularly specific phobias, that describes how an individual intentionally behaves in ways that are designed to prevent or minimize contact with feared objects or situations (e.g., takes tunnels instead of bridges on daily commute for fear of heights).
What is Active Avoidance?
The three presentations of ADHD.
What are: 1) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation; 2) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation; 3) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Presentation
This dissociative disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important autobiographical information that would ordinarily be remembered, often linked to a traumatic experience or a traumatic brain injury.
What is Dissociative Amnesia?
The most widely prescribed class of antidepressant medication, includes Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, Lexapro, etc.
What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Patient Scenario: Tara is a 15-year-old Hispanic female high school student brought reluctantly to the clinic by her parents due to her increasing avoidance of various situations outside her home. Over the past year, Tara has become progressively fearful of leaving her house and participating in activities that involve being in unfamiliar places or situations. She experiences intense anxiety and panic-like symptoms, such as racing heart, shortness of breath, and trembling, whenever she contemplates going out or being in crowded places. She avoids attending school events, social gatherings, and even refuses to walk her dog in the neighborhood anymore. Her parents report that her fear has led her to miss numerous days of school, affecting her academic performance and social interactions. She is in danger of being held back this year and being reported to truancy due to her excessive absences. She expresses a strong preference for staying home and feels safest within the confines of her room. What is the most appropriate preliminary clinical diagnosis?
What is agoraphobia?
Global Developmental Delay is a neurodevelopmental disorder reserved for children under the age of ___ who fail to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of functioning.
What is 5 years old?
Related to dissociative amnesia, this term/specifier describes "apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identify or for other important autobiographical information."
What is dissociative fugue?
Most antidepressants will take approximately this long to see the greatest effects.
What is 6 weeks?
The DSM points out that the greater the range of life circumstances about which a person worries (e.g., finances, family members' safety, job performance, school performance, weather), the more likely their symptoms are to meet criteria for this anxiety disorder.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
The 4 severity specifiers for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
What are: 1) Mild, 2) Moderate, 3) Severe, 4) Profound
A feature of dissociation, this describes experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to one's thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions (e.g., perceptual alterations, distorted sense of time, unreal or absent self, emotional and/or physical numbing).
What is depersonalization?
If there is any suspicion that the patient could have this diagnosis, then antidepressants should NOT be prescribed because it can induce dangerous, rapid mood cycling.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
According to the DSM, this is the strongest predictor for the persistence of Social Anxiety Disorder.
What is not being employed?
The onset of tics is most commonly between the ages of _ and _ years old.
What is 4 and 6 years old?
A feature of dissociation, the experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, life-less, or visually distorted).
What is derealization?
These are two antidepressants generally considered to be safest to use during pregnancy.
What are Zoloft (Sertraline) and Celexa (Citalopram)?