English Varieties
What is the variety of English prescribed as the standard by language authorities found primarily in written language and the most formal spoken language?
Formal Standard English
What are the original factors that determined dialect development in the U.S.?
Settlement Patterns
Lexical variation between dialects involves multiple word formation processes. What are two?
compounding, acronyms, blending, clipping, conversion, proper names, borrowing, recutting, derivation, etc.
What colony was founded by Quakers from mostly Northern England who spoke with a rhotic dialect and continued using Thou into the 1890s?
Philadelphia or Pennsylvania
What is it called when dialect communities start to stabilize while still under foreign rules?
Exonormative Stabilization
What is the variety of English considered socially acceptable in mainstream contexts, typically characterized by the absence of stigmatized forms?
Informal Standard American English or Mainstream American English
What is the term for the ways that dialects spread from the original communites where they developed in the American colonies?
Migration Patterns
What is an example of general slang?
Answers vary: anything that also has a formal equivalent and is used across age, regional, and ethno-cultural boundaries.
What was the first English colony in America which was initially founded by Englishmen from the London area in Southeast England, but later immigrants were pushed inland and the wealthiest colonists retained contact with England as the non-rhotic variety developed?
Jamestown or Virginia
What is it called when dialect groups transition towards linguistic independance?
Nativisation
What is the term for a dialect of English that is typically characterized by non-standard or stigmatized forms?
Vernacular
What would be an example of a geographical factor that affected dialect development in the colonial U.S.?
The Appalachian Mts., the Mississippi River, etc.
What is an example of in-group slang for college-aged people right now?
Answers will vary, but not general slang
Which colony was originally founded by groups seeking religious sovereignty but later became a center of commerce that would retain contact with England become develop a famously non-rhotic dialect?
Plymouth, Boston, or New England/Massachusetts
What stage of dialect development is involved when English speakers first arrived in an area where English was never previously spoken?
Foundation Stage
What dialect of American English is characterized by the use of invariant "be" as a habitual verb form?
African-American Vernacular English
What explains the presence of words like levee and bayou in Louisiana dialects of English?
Language contact or borrowing
These types of shift are common in English dialects, and the Great One finished about the same time as the English colonization of America.
Vowel shift or Chain shift
Which colony's dialect was mostly shaped by language contact because protestant English speakers were not legally allowed to live there until the 1800s?
New Orleans/Louisiana
What stage of dialect development was represented when local populations and newcomers began to adopt locally developed linguistic norms?
Endonormative Stabilization
What dialect of American English uses an "a-" prefix for continuative verbs?
Appalachian English
What are two similar but different causes of dialect development illustrated by the following?
This is badder than the other one.
She brung me a present.
Paradigm leveling
Four part analogy
What level of dialect difference would be illustrated by someone offending another person by failing to say "sir/ma'am"?
Pragmatics
Which colony was the most linguistically diverse in its founding stage, was the primary point of entry for slaves in the English colonies, and developed a non-rhotic variety of English as their elite maintained ties with England through trade?
Charleston/the Carolinas
What stage of dialect development in the U.S. is when internal diversification takes over and new dialects begin to form on their own?
Diversification