Digestive Systems
Upon swallowing what prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?
Uvula
How many lobes does the right lung of the human have? Left lung? Why do they differ?
Lungs have 3 right lung lobes and 2 lobes on the left (heart is on the left side).
where in the heart do electrical impulses start?
SA node
What do Aquatic organisms use for gas exchange? Why is this organ beneficial?
Fish use gills which are beneficial because they are folded up for increased surface area, thin, and with a rich supply of blood vessels
Some protein digestion occurs in the stomach. While protein from food is being digested, what prevents tissues lining the stomach from being digested?
Stomach lining has mucus glands that secrete a coating to protect itself from its own acidity.
What is the summary “equation” for the overall process of cellular respiration.
Glucose + oxygen → CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
What type of circulatory system do humans have? Where is the blood found?
Humans have a closed, double circulatory system
Blood is in the heart and blood vessels
What is an example of a multicellular organism that uses diffusion for its gas exchange?
Flatworms
What two characteristics do worms and chickens share? What is the function of both?
alimentary canal -> 2 openings, one for ingestion and one for egestion
gizzard -> does the grinding of food without teeth present
What is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the mechanics of human breathing? Describe the action of each during inhalation and exhalation.
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract allowing the lungs to expand, lifting the ribs up, when they relax the lungs become smaller and ribs lower
What chamber of the heart trecieves blood? What part pumps blood?
right and left atrium, receive blood from body
right and left ventricles, pump blood to body
How do amphibians do gas exchange? Give an example of an organism that does this.
they use their skin + lungs + lining of their mouth for gas exchange ex: frog
Where does chemical digestion start in humans? What enzyme facilitates this digestion and where is it secreted from?
Chemical digestion starts in the mouth with secretion of the enzyme amylase from the salivary glands.
What is the basic structure of hemoglobin? What is its role in the transport of oxygen? What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules each hemoglobin can transport?
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports 98.5% of the bodies oxygen. The max number of oxygen molecules it can transport is 4.
What are the 3 membranes of the heart and where are they found?
Pericardium → outside
Myocardium → muscle
Endocardium → inside
What do Insects use for gas exchange? What does this network of tubes connect to?
Insects use a tracheal system with a network of tubes connected to openings called spiracles
Explain the functions of the pancreas (1) and the liver (3) in digestion.
Pancreas secrete pancreatic juices (combo of enzymes) with sodium bicarbonate that helps neutralize acid coming from stomach
Liver secretes bile, Detoxifies body, and Stores excess sugar in the form of glycogen
How much air is exchanged with each inhalation and each exhalation if you inhale 1000 ml?
700 ml make it to alveoli, other 300 ml is just in respiratory passages (dead space)
What muscle controls the opening and closing of valves in the heart and thus control the flow of blood? What is it attached to?
papillary muscle, attached to chordae tendinae or “heart strings”
What are 3 characteristics of bird respiration?
they use lungs with fresh air (doesn't mix)
Nine air sacs and air spaces located in hollow bones
Uni-directional air flow