Stomach
Secrete mucin onto the gastric luminal surface to prevent ulceration of the lining upon exposure to the high acidity of the gastric fluid & protect the epithelium from gastric enzymes
Surface mucous cells
secretions mix together chyme
Gastric juices
contracted ring of skeletal muscle where the esophagus & pharynx meet. Closed during inhalation of air so it enters the larynx & trachea instead of the esophagus
Superior esophageal sphincter
The mesentery proper is a fan-shaped fold of ______ that suspends most of the ______ intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall.
peritoneum, small
The small intestine finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing ______ of the nutrients and water.
most
produce acidic mucin which helps maintain the acidic conditions resulting from the secretion of HCL acid by parietal cells.
Mucous neck cells
regulates the entrance of chyme into the small intestine. Closes upon sympathetic innervation & opens upon parasympathetic innervation.
Pyloric sphincter
contracted ring of circular smooth muscle at the inferior end of the esophagus. The sphincter isn't strong enough alone to prevent materials from refluxing back into the esophagus.
Inferior esophageal sphincter
The parotid duct extends from the gland, parallel to the _______ arch, before penetrating the ________ muscle and opening into the vestibule of the oral cavity near the second upper molar.
zygomatic, buccinator
In the living adult human, the esophagus is about ______ centimeters long, and most of its length is within the thorax, directly anterior to the ______.
25, vertebral bodies
HCL acid secreted across the cells’ vast internalized surface helps denature proteins to facilitate chemical digestion. Also helps produce intrinsic factors: binds vitamin b12 in the stomach lumen & assists in b12 absorption in the ileum of the small intestine.
Parietal cells
After bolus has been completely processed in the stomach it becomes
Chyme
The fauces are bounded by paired muscular folds. The anterior fold is called the ______ arch and the posterior fold is called the ______ arch.
palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal
In the submucosa, the nerve fibers and their associated ganglia are collectively referred to as the submucosal ______.
nerve plexus
The large intestine absorbs most of the ______ and ions from the remaining digested material.
water
synthesize & secret enzymes: inactive pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach. The acid content of the stomach then converts inactive pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, which chemically digests denatured proteins into smaller fragments.
Chief cells
Gastric juices are produced by cells in the ______, and their secretions are released into gastric pits, which funnel them to the lumen of the stomach.
Gastric glands
A submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a ______ in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the ______.
Papilla, lingual frenulum
The small intestine extends from the ______ of the stomach to the ______ of the large intestine, and thus occupies a significant portion of the abdominal cavity.
Pylorus, cecum
Increasing the absorptive surface area of the small intestine even further are ______ along the free surface of the simple ______ cells.
microvilli, columnar
secrete gastrin (hormone that enters the blood & stimulates the secretory activities of the chief & parietal cells & the contractility activity of gastric muscle.
Produces other hormones: somatostatin, that modulate the function of nearby enteroendocrine & exocrine cells
secretes histamin
Enteroendocrine cells
Exceptions to the typical pattern of smooth muscle fiber orientation include the ______ (which contains a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle) and the ______ (which contains three layers of smooth muscle).
esophagus, stomach
A tooth has an exposed ______, a constricted ______, and one or more roots that anchor it to the jaw.
Crown, neck
The small intestine receives its blood supply primarily from branches of the ______ mesenteric artery, and it is innervated by the superior mesenteric ______.
superior, plexus
A type of mesentery called the transverse ______ connects the transverse portion of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
mesocolon