Accessory Digestive Organs
What is the function of the salivary glands
Saliva production - Saliva contains enzymes for carb digestion and pH buffering.
What is Rumination?
The process in which ruminants regurgitate partially digested food (cud) to chew again
What is the layer of the peritoneum against the organs called?
What is the Visceral Peritoneum
What are VFA's, and how are they made?
Volatile Fatty Acids, made through microbial fermentation of cellulose and starch.
What are the 3 sections of the mammal stomach, and where are they located?
Fundus (top)
Antrum / body (middle)
Pyloric (bottom)
What are the Enzymes in saliva and what are their respective functions
Amylase - carbohydrate digestion
Bicarbonate - pH buffer for stomach acid
What is the first and largest compartment of the Ruminant stomach? What are it's functions, and how does the food get there?
Rumen
Esophagus > Cardia > Rumen
Microbial fermentation into volatile fatty acids - divided into muscular pillars to promote movement. Papillae increase VFA abs.
What is the outer layer of the peritoneum, against the abdominal wall called?
What is the Parietal Peritoneum
What are the 3 VFA's produced during digestion in ruminants?
Butyrate
Acetate
Propionate
What are the 3 sections of the mammal small intestine, where are they located, and what do they specialize in?
1. Duodenum - stomach to SI (secretion)
2. jejunum - Duo to Ili (absorption)
3. ilium - Jejun to LI (absorption)
What is the function of the pancreas?
Bonus: Name enzymes and functions
Secretes enzymes into the duodenum.
Enzymes: amylase, lipase, and proteases to break down carbs, lipids, and proteins.
What is the second compartment of the Ruminant stomach? What are it's functions, and how does the food get there?
Reticulum
Rumen > Ruminoreticulo fold > reticulum
Microbial fermentation - Honeycomb traps foreign objects
What is the fluid-filled sac between the visceral and parietal peritoneum called?
what is the Paritoneal cavity/sac
What is the most abundant VFA produced by ruminants during digestion, what is it's relative abundance, and why is it important?
Acetate (70%) - Produce ATP snd body/milk fat
What is the name of the pouch between the large and small intestine where the appendix is located?
The cecum
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Bile storage and release into small intestine.
What is the third compartment of the Ruminant stomach? What are it's functions, and how does the food get there?
Omasum
Reticulum > Reticulomasal Orface > Omasum
Microbial Fermentation - folds for H2O absorption and absorption of H2O-based vitamins and minerals
What structure forms in young ruminants when nursing, which allows for milk to transport straight from the esophagus to the abomasum and why is this important?
What is the least abundant VFA produced by ruminants during digestion, what is it's relative abundance, and why is it important?
Butyrate (10%) - produces ATP and body/milk fat
What does the billiary system include?
The Liver and Gallbladder
What is the function of the Liver?
Produce bile for fat emulsification (breakdown)
What is the fourth and final compartment of the Ruminant stomach? What are it's functions, how does the food get there, and what is it commonly known as?
Abomasum - True Stomach
Omasum > omasalabomasal orface > abomasum
acid digestion (HCl) - very large fundic and pyloric regions
Which portion of the ruminant stomach is not present in all ruminants?
What is the Omasum
What is the second most abundant VFA produced by ruminants during digestion, what is it's relative abundance, and why is it important?
Propionate (20%) - only VFA that can be used to regenerate glucose through glucogenesis in the liver
What does the stomach include in birds?
Proventriculus (true stomach)
ventriculus (gizzard)