ORGANS
What are the organs and accessory organs of the digestive system
What is the difference between complex carbs and simple carbs. Give an example of each
Complex carbs contain multiple glucose molecules and fiber. The take time for the GI system to break down.
Simple carbohydrates are mono/disaccharides and are easy to digest
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
Salivary glands in the mouth
Why does fiber help prevent spikes in blood glucose?
Fiber is complex and harder to break down, helps to slow the release of glucose into the blood stream during digestion in the small intestines
What would you recommend for a balanced snack to a person with diabetes? Give and example
Answer will contain a serving of carbohydrate (15g) and a protein or fat : IE 1 small apple and 1 tbsp peanut butter,
Bile and Pancreatic juices are delivered into the Duodenum via the _____________ sphincter
Hepatopancreatic
Name the two monosaccharides that make the disaccharide LACTOSE. Bonus - what is the name of the bond that is created that makes it harder to digest
Galactose + Glucose
Bonus: BETA BOND
Where and how are nutrients absorbed into the blood stream?
What is the difference between insoluble and soluble fibers? Give example of each
Insoluble- does not dissolve in water. Made from plant wall cells, Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins ex. Seeds, whole grains
Role: food for gut microbiota, aid in transit time, prevent consitpation and diverticular disease
soluble - dissolve in water. Found inside and around plant cells. Pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses. Oat bran, fruits, legumes, and psyllium
roles: delay gastric emptying, reduce cholesterol, slow release of glucose into blood stream
What is the normal fasting glucose for someone without diabetes
70-100 mg/dL
What the three sections of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
storage form of glucose. Liver (gives to the blood) and muscles (muscle movement... think carb loading for runners)
What is heartburn/GERD? What foods can cause it and how would you recommend to treat it?
Stomach backflow into the esophagus, if it occurs for more than 2 wks its GERD. Backflow damages the esophageal sphincter.
Contributing factors include: Hiatal hernia, Alcohol use, Overweight, Smoking, Pregnancy. Some foods: citrus fruits, chocolate, caffeinated drinks, fatty and fried foods, garlic, onions, spicy foods, tomato-based foods
to treat: Eat small meals, Avoid trigger foods, Do not lay down after eating, Lose weight, Stop smoking, Limit alcohol intake
How much fiber is recommended daily for men and women under 50
38g for men, 25g for women
What are some symptoms of diabetes? How do we determine is someone has prediabetes or type 2 diabetes?
Increased thirst, increased urination, weight loss, hunger
prediabetic Hemoglobin A1c 5.7-6.4%
diabetic 6.5%+
for someone Dx with DM the goal and sign of well controlled DM is below 7%.
Which organ MAKES bile
Liver
What are examples of Indigestible Polysaccharides
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, and mucilages
On the bristol stool chart, what is considered "normal" bowel movements
Type 3 or 4 hard/dry log or soft/smooth/formed
What is the difference between white flour and whole wheat flour?
White flour has had the endosperm removed and just the white germ of the plant remains. there is no fiber and any minerals/vitamins need to be added to the product.
Whole wheat flour takes the entire wheat and grounds it up preserving the outer layer of the wheat which gives us fiber and nutrients
How should we educate someone with diabetes to fill their plate?
carb consistent and Portion control
1/2 their plate should be non startchy vegetables, 1/4 whole grain, 1/4 lean protein + water.
What is the purpose of the large intestine
House gut microbiota, bacteria break create vitamin K, absorb electrolytes (sodium potassium), excrete feces
What enzyme aids in the digestion of carbohydrates
Amylase breaks down the alpha bonds
Prolonged diarrhea can lead to dehydration. What causes this? Additionally, diarrhea is a leading cause of malnutrition in children (worldwide). Why do we think this is?
Diarrhea causes a loss of water and electrolytes. This causes dehydration. It is important to drink a lot of water or electrolyte water (Gatorade, Pedialyte)
Access to clean drinking water is not always easily accessible to children of developing nations. Additionally, safe removal of waste is not always available. Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are found in dirty water. Children are more likely to have complications from these infections which can lead to malnutrition and mortality.
What type of fiber is found on the nutrition label and what is the name of the fiber that is not natural in foods?
Dietary fiber is listed on the nutrition label under "total carbohydrates"
Functional fiber is added to foods to increase the fiber of a food (think the fiber 1 bars)
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
type 1 is caused by an autoimmune attack to pancreas, type 2 is insulin resistance.