Carbs
Proteins
Fats
Digestion potpourri
Nausea & Vomiting
100
They form starch
What are amylose and amylopectin?
100
alpha-amino carboxylic acid
What is an amino acid?
100
process that makes fats accessible to water-soluble lipases
What is emulsification?
100
requires bacterial digestion for breakdown and absorption
What is dietary fiber?
100
the 5 key receptors associated with nausea and vomiting
What are muscarinic (M1), dopaminergic (D2), histaminergic (H1), serotonin (5-HT), and substance P (NK1) receptors?
200
dietary disaccharides
What are sucrose and fructose?
200
acid causes autocatalytic conversion to the active form
What is pepsinogen?
Secreted by Chief cells
Breaks proteins into chunks at neutral AA's
200
converts triglycerides to diacylglycerides in the stomach
What is gastric lipase?
200
an enzyme that cleaves and activates all pancreatic peptidases
What is tyrpsin?
200
the 5 common triggers for nausea and vomiting
What are toxins in the gut or blood, visceral pathology, vestibular dz, and CNS stimulation?
300
breaks down internal α-1,4 starch bonds
What is amylase? (salivary and pancreatic)
300
it cleaves tyrpsinogen
What is enterokinase?
300
the three pancreatic lipolytic enzymes
What are lipase, phospholipase A2, and cholesterol esterase?
300
captures cholesterol, vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-infectious, antithrombotic, antiapoptotic, and improves glucose metabolism
Why are HDL chylomicron remnants good for you?
Hafiane, Anouar & Genest, Jacques. (2013). HDL, Atherosclerosis, and Emerging Therapies. Cholesterol. 2013. 891403. 10.1155/2013/891403.
300
similar MOA as phenothiazines, is anti-emetic at higher doses
What is metoclopramide?
From Plumb: In the CNS, metoclopramide antagonizes dopamine D2 receptors, is a weak inhibitor of serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, and is an agonist of serotonin 5-HT4 receptors.
400
3 brush border carbohydrate hydrolases
What are sucrase, isomaltase, and glucoamylase? (+ lactase)
400
the three pancreatic endopeptidases
What are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase?
trypsin cleaves proteins at basic AA's, so the C-terminal of its product is basic
the other two cleave at neutral AA's
400
Formed in the intestinal lumen by bile acids and lipids
What are micelles?
These speed lipid absorption and are essential for fat-soluble vitamin absorption
400
fats that enter the portal circulation directly
What are medium-chain triglyerides?
Wikipedia: A medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) is a triglyceride with two or three fatty acids having an aliphatic tail of 6–12 carbon atoms, i.e. a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). Rich food sources for commercial extraction of MCTs include palm kernel oil and coconut oil.
400
More effective than maropitant at reducing nausea behaviors in dogs following cisplatin therapy
What is ondansetron?
Kenward H, Elliott J, Lee T, Pelligand L. Anti-nausea effects and pharmacokinetics of ondansetron, maropitant and metoclopramide in a low-dose cisplatin model of nausea and vomiting in the dog: a blinded crossover study. BMC Vet Res. 2017 Aug 16;13(1):244. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1156-7. PMID: 28814338; PMCID: PMC5559813.
500
transporter required for absorption of glucose and galactose
What is SGLT1?
500
the two ectopeptidases
What are carboxypeptidase A and B?
B works at basic carboxy end after trypsin
A works at neutral carboxy end after elastase and chymotrypsin
Brush border/membrane/cytosolic oligopeptidases finish the job
500
formed in the enterocyte but does not enter the portal circulation following exocytosis
What are chylomicrons?
500
a protease inhibitor that prevents activation of trypsin within the pancreas
What is SPINK1 (serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1)?
500
more effective than ondansetron at preventing nausea behaviors in dogs following premedication with hydromorphone, acepromazine, and glycopyrrolate
What is maropitant?
Burke JE, Hess RS, Silverstein DC. Effectiveness of orally administered maropitant and ondansetron in preventing preoperative emesis and nausea in healthy dogs premedicated with a combination of hydromorphone, acepromazine, and glycopyrrolate. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2021 Dec 15;260(S1):S40-S45. doi: 10.2460/javma.21.02.0082. PMID: 34914630.