DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
What structure increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
What is the role of an enzyme in digestion?
Act as a catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions (EG; DIGESTION) without being used up
Which bone connects the upper arm to the shoulder?
Humerus
What type of joint is found at the shoulder?
Ball-and-socket
What type of movement occurs when the angle of a joint decreases, such as bending the knee?
Flexion
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To break down food into small molecules for absorption and use by the body
What type of nutrients are broken down by protease enzymes?
Proteins
Which part of the skeleton produces red and white blood cells?
Bone marrow
What type of joint is found in the knee and elbow?
Hinge
What muscle contracts to straighten the arm (extension)?
Triceps
Where does most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur?
Small intestine
Why are enzymes considered specific?
Each enzyme only binds to a particular substrate due to its unique active site shape (LOCK & KEY MODEL)
What is the functional difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Tendons connect muscle to bone.
What structure covers the ends of bones in synovial joints to prevent damage?
Cartilage
What is the role of antagonistic muscle pairs in movement?
One muscle contracts while the other relaxes to allow controlled movement
What organ produces bile?
Liver
pH
Temperature
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
Compact bone is dense and strong for support.
Spongy bone is lighter, porous, and contains marrow
Name an example of where you would find a saddle joint.
Thumb or sternoclavicular
What happens to the opposing muscle during flexion of a joint?
It relaxes and lengthens (antagonist muscle)
Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin? And name the enzyme.
Mouth (saliva), amylase
What happens to enzyme activity if the temperature is too high?
The enzyme denatures and loses its shape, so it can no longer function
List the 5 functions of the skeeltal system
Movement
Protection
Support/framework
Blood cell production
Storage of minerals
What type of joint is found between the bones of the skull in adults?
Fibrous / immovable
How do the quadriceps and hamstrings work together to produce movement at the knee joint? Include and example
They act as an antagonistic pair:
EG 1: the quadriceps contract to extend (straighten) the knee - while the hamstrings relax
EG 2: the hamstrings contract to flex (bend) the knee while the quadriceps relax.