Main Structures
What are the 6 steps of digestion?
Ingestion, Propulsion, Mechanical Breakdown, Chemical Breakdown, Absorption, and Defecation
Which accessory structure is responsible for secreting amylase during chemical digestion in the mouth?
Salivary gland
What digestive enzyme breaks down complex carbohydrates like starch into disaccharides?
Amylase
Name the 4 layers of the GI tract that compose most of the structures in the GI tract.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Name the 6 essential nutrients.
Water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
What is the name of the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle lining portions of the GI tract like the esophagus, stomach, and intestines?
Which accessory structure plays a role in filtration and bile production?
Liver
True or false: Pepsin can function in the environment of the small intestine.
False
Which layer houses the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?
Serosa
Identify the nutrient that should account for 45-65% of the diet.
Carbohydrates
What structures make up the alimentary canal?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Identify the accessory structure responsible for the endocrine role of producing hormones like insulin and the exocrine role of secreting enzymes.
Pancreas
True or false: Chemical digestion occurs in the esophagus.
If this layer is compromised by infection, it can cause the inflammatory condition called gastritis. What is this layer called?
Mucosa
In what nutritional state is glucose stored in the liver as glycogen?
Absorptive (fed) state
Identify the name of the small projections within the small intestine that increase surface area and aid with absorption.
Villi/ Microvilli
What condition results from a lack of bile salts available to digest cholesterol?
Gallstones
Trypsin
Identify the layer that is responsible for involuntary smooth muscle contractions.
Muscularis externa
Identify 3 roles of electrolytes
Supports the nervous system, balances hydration, and muscle contraction
What is the name of the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent choking?
Epiglottis
Excessive use of alcohol causes a condition called ___________________ and this condition impacts the _______________.
Identify the enzyme that is responsible for breaking down lipids after bile emulsifies fat globules into small fat droplets.
Lipase
What type of epithelial cells line the stomach and intestines?
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
How many essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet?
9