Digital Transformation
Difference between digitization, digitalization, and transformation?
Digitization = analog → digital; Digitalization = process improvements; Digital Transformation = rethinking business models & culture.
Difference between data and information?
Data = raw facts; Information = data + context.
Difference between IaaS and SaaS?
IaaS = infrastructure; SaaS = apps.
Difference between AI and ML?
AI = simulating intelligence; ML = subset where systems learn from data.
ore training task of models like GPT?
Next-token prediction.
Biggest leadership challenge in digital transformation?
Culture and mindset change, not technology.
Which of the 4Vs is hardest to manage strategically?
Veracity (trust/quality).
Harder challenge in migration: tech or governance/mindset?
Governance and mindset.
Supervised vs unsupervised learning?
Supervised = labeled data; Unsupervised = pattern-finding.
Major risk of GenAI in enterprises?
Hallucinations, bias, data/privacy risks.
Two reasons digital transformation often fails?
Lack of strategy, weak leadership, culture resistance, tech focus > customer value, poor execution.
Predictive vs prescriptive analytics?
Predictive = forecasts; Prescriptive = recommends actions.
What is cloud lock-in?
Dependence on one vendor; switching is costly and limits flexibility.
Why weren’t neural networks widely used before 2010s?
Limited compute, data, and scalable algorithms.
Why use Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)?
Grounds models in enterprise data for accuracy & trust.
Example of a successful business model shift through digital transformation?
Netflix (DVDs → streaming), Adobe (to SaaS), DBS (digital-first bank).
Why is governance essential for AI adoption?
Ensures quality, security, compliance, and ethical use.
Why go hybrid or multi-cloud?
Flexibility, resilience, compliance, less dependency.
One dominant non-Generative AI application today?
Fraud detection, credit scoring, supply-chain optimization.
Difference between Agentic AI and Generative AI?
Agentic AI can plan, decide, and act autonomously.
What will matter most in the next 10 years: tech innovation or ecosystem orchestration? Why?
Ecosystem orchestration — success depends on platforms, partnerships, networks.
Advantage comes from owning data or using it?
From use — insights, decisions, speed, and innovation.
How will edge computing reshape cloud?
Moves processing closer to users, lowers latency, enables AI/IoT.
Key limitation of traditional AI?
Needs structured data, lacks creativity/adaptability/autonomy.
Why could Agentic AI disrupt SaaS?
Agents integrate across apps, reducing single-app SaaS demand.