Audio Digitization
What is the most critical part of the audio conversion process?
The digital capture (Xie and Matusiak, p. 106)
What was the first method used for capturing motion pictures?
Film
True or False: There is clear consensus on AV formats and specifications for digitization.
How are AV materials inherently different from static documents and images?
Their time-based nature and their need for playback machines / equipment to access their content. (Xie and Matusiak, p. 95)
Is audio digitization more or less established/advanced than moving image digitization?
More established/advanced (Xie and Matusiak, p. 104)
True or False: Video recordings on magnetic tape are more stable than mechanical formats like cylinders or discs.
False (Xie and Matusiak, p. 101)
In the audiovisual domain, the preservation crisis is related to these 2 factors.
1. Obsolescence of reproduction equipment, and 2. Deterioration of physical carriers (Xie and Matusiak, p. 99)
True or False: Present-day knowledge of linguistic and cultural diversity is mainly based on AV documents.
True! (Xie and Matusiak, p. 96)
Name 3 pieces of equipment that are required for a basic audio conversion process.
An analog playback machine, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a computer with audio processing software, digital repository to store and preserve master files (Xie and Matusiak, p. 109).
What are the 3 moving image types?
Film, Video, and born-digital files (Xie and Matusiak, p. 115/116)
Why has the digitization of audiovisual materials lagged behind text and photographs? List two possible reasons.
Cultural perceptions, copyright restrictions, prevalence of analog media, complex conversion processes, storage requirements, multiple digital formats, lack of clear conversion standards.
According to a 2012 survey of European higher education institutions, what percent of AV content is still analog?
50% (Xie and Matusiak, p. 96)
Fill in the 2 blanks: 96 kHz and 24 bits per sample are the ______ and the ______ for audio.
minimum resolution and bit depth (Minimum Digitization Capture Recommendations, ALCTS
What are the 3 digital file types usually created during moving image digitization?
- Preservation master file
- Mezzanine file
- Access (derivative) file
(Xie and Matusiak, p. 119)
According to US copyright law, “Digitization is… limited to unique materials that are either _____ or _____.”
in the public domain / to which holding institutions have legal rights. (Xie and Matusiak, p. 99)
What formats were wax cylinders replaced by?
Flat discs / vinyl records / 78s / shellacs / LPs (Xie and Matusiak, p. 98)
What concept does the following definition describe: A measure of the range of signals from full scale (saturation) to the smallest signal that can be resolved.
The signal to noise ratio (Minimum Digitization Capture Recommendations, ALCTS)
What are the 2 major technical impediments that have prevented the digitization of moving image collections?
- Large file sizes that need large amounts of storage space
- The lack of universally recognized (non-proprietary) preservation formats
(Xie and Matusiak, p.113)
What are the 3 preservation risks that can result from the deterioration of AV carriers that affect access to content and overall quality?
A catastrophic failure where no content is recoverable, partial failure where part of content is recoverable, diminishment is where the recovered content is of lesser quality (Xie and Matusiak, p. 100)
How has digital technology changed the way sound signals are represented and stored?
We don’t need a physical carrier anymore - sound signals are represented through binary digits now. Werk for it!!!! (Xie and Matusiak, p. 105)