Types of References
What does Exophoric reference refer to?
Something outside the text, usually depending on the physical or shared situation.
What linking word can we use to add more information?
In addition, Moreover, Furthermore, Besides that.
Which genre tells a story or series of events in chronological order?
Narrative.
What is the main aim of the Written Discourse course?
To develop students’ awareness of how language is described and used, and to enable them to analyse spoken and written discourse from different perspectives.
In the Health Education passage, what does “infection” mean?
The invasion of the body by harmful microorganisms that cause disease.
What is Endophoric reference?
A reference that points to something inside the text itself — within the same discourse.
Which linking word expresses a reason?
Because of, Due to, Since, As
Which genre aims to describe a thing, place, or person in detail so the reader can visualize it?
Description.
What are two important aspects of written discourse that ensure clarity and connection between ideas?
Cohesion and coherence.
In Timing the Criticism, what does “fatigue” mean?
Extreme tiredness or exhaustion resulting from mental or physical effort.
What are the two subtypes of Endophoric reference?
Anaphoric reference (backward pointing) and Cataphoric reference (forward pointing).
What phrase express result in English?
As a result, Consequently, Therefore, Thus.
Which genre presents two sides of an issue and may end with the writer’s own opinion?
Discussion.
What is the difference between cohesion and coherence?
Cohesion is achieved through linguistic devices (linkers, repetition, reference), while coherence is the logical connection and overall sense of unity in a text.
In the Hagia Sophia passage, what does “defy” mean?
To resist or refuse to obey something; to challenge openly.
Identify the type of reference:“When he arrived, Mr. Smith smiled at everyone.”
Cataphoric reference — “he” refers forward to Mr. Smith.
Which expressions can we use to show a personal opinion?
In my opinion, I think, I believe that, From my point of view.
Which genre explains how or why something happens, often showing a process or cause-and-effect relationship?
Explanation.
What factors affect lexical or grammatical choices in written discourse?
Audience and purpose of the text.
In the Japanese Employees passage, what does “seniority” mean?
The state of having a higher rank or longer period of service in an organization than others.
What is the main difference between Exophoric and Endophoric references?
Exophoric refers to something outside the text (situation/context), while Endophoric refers to something inside the text (within discourse).
What’s the difference between However and Although?
However connects two sentences and shows contrast.Although connects two ideas in the same sentence.
What is the difference between an Analytical Exposition and a Hortatory Exposition?
Analytical Exposition aims to persuade by presenting arguments and evidence logically.Hortatory Exposition also persuades but urges the reader to take action or change behavior.
Name at least three grammatical features that connect grammar and discourse.
Theme and rheme, reference, ellipsis, repetition, substitution.
In the Temperaments of Man and Woman passage, what does “introspective” mean?
Characterized by examining one’s own thoughts, feelings and mental processes.