Pathogens
Name the 4 types of Pathogens. (请列举四种病原体。)
Virus
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
True or False: Vaccines make a person immune to all kinds of pathogens. (判断题：疫苗能使人对所有病原体都免疫。)
False!
Vaccines are only effective against viruses. (错误。疫苗仅对病毒有效。)
What would be one possible intervention to prevent the spread of an airborne disease?
预防空气传播疾病扩散的一种可能干预措施是什么？
Masks, social distancing, quarantining, etc.,
口罩、保持社交距离、隔离等等。
What are the four types of ways that communicable diseases spread?
传染病传播的四种途径是什么？
1. Airborne
2. Waterborne
3. Carried in food
4. Direct contact
Are all fungi harmful to people?
所有真菌都对人有害吗？
No, mushrooms are an example of harmless fungi.
不，蘑菇就是无害真菌的一个例子。
Which pathogen shares characteristics with both animals and plants? (哪种病原体兼具动物和植物的特征？)
Protists
What is the role of antigens in the body?
抗原在人体中起什么作用？
To produce antibodies that attack foreign substances.
产生能攻击外来物质的抗体。
What is the purpose of food preservation?
(食物保藏的目的是什么？)
To prevent food from growing harmful bacteria as quickly.
(为了防止食物过快滋生有害细菌。)
Your inflammatory response system is triggered by sudden injury, illness, or germs entering your body. Therefore, which of the following would not trigger your inflammatory response system?
(你的炎症反应系统是由突发性损伤、疾病或病菌入侵引起的。因此，下列哪项不会触发你的炎症反应系统？)
A paper cut on your finger (手指被纸割伤了)
Sweating (出汗)
A sliver (or splinter) stuck in your hand (手上扎了一根木屑（或木刺))
Getting a tattoo (纹身)
2. Sweating
What is the difference between a Pandemic and an Epidemic?
大流行和流行病有什么区别？
Pandemics occur on a large scale across multiple countries, continents, or even globally - Large-scaled. Epidemics are within a local population or region - small-scaled.
大流行病是指跨越多个国家、大洲甚至全球的大规模疫情。而小流行病则局限于局部地区或局部人群。
What determines if a disease is communicable?
Double points: Name an example of a communicable disease
(什么因素决定一种疾病是否具有传染性？)**
(双倍分：请举例说明一种传染病。)
A disease is communicable if it is contagious.
Example: A cold
(如果一种疾病具有传染性，那么它就是传染性疾病。)
(例如：感冒)
What pathogen does antibiotics target?
抗生素针对的是哪种病原体？
Bacteria
What does it mean for something to be sterilized? Double Points: Where might sterilization be particularly important in cleaning equipment prior to use?
(消毒究竟意味着什么？)**
(双倍积分：在使用前清洁设备时，消毒在哪些方面尤为重要？)**
It has been cleaned of germs.
Hospitals.
它已被彻底清洁，无菌无菌。
医院。
Which of your body's 3 lines of defence is a specialized response system?
(人体的三道防线中，哪一道是专门的反应系统？)**
3rd line of defence - Antibodies
(第三道防线——抗体)
Who was patient zero in our "Spread of an Infectious Disease" Simulation?
Selina!
What determines if a disease is non-communicable?
Double Points: Name a non-communicable disease
(如何判断一种疾病是否为非传染性疾病)**
(双倍积分：请列举一种非传染性疾病。)**
Non-communicable diseases are not contagious.
Example: Cancer
(非传染性疾病不具有传染性。)
(例如：癌症)
True or False:
The body can reject an organ transplant if the blood type of the recipient and donor don't match up.
判断题：
如果受者和供者的血型不匹配，人体可能会排斥器官移植。
True
真的
High levels of air pollution in a City making a person more likely to have respiratory illnesses in their lifetime is an example of which type of factor in causing disease?
- Environmental, genetic, dietary, lifestyle, or stress
城市中严重的空气污染会增加人们一生中患呼吸系统疾病的风险，这属于哪种类型的致病因素？
- 环境因素、遗传因素、饮食因素、生活方式因素或压力因素
Environmental
When you get sick from a disease one time, what makes it easier for your body to fight that same illness quicker the next time you contract it?
(当你患过一次某种疾病后，是什么因素会让你的身体在下次感染同样的疾病时能够更快地抵抗它呢？)**
B cells produce memory cells that store information about the antigen of the invader, making it easier to destroy the next time.
B细胞产生记忆细胞，这些记忆细胞储存有关入侵者抗原的信息，以便下次更容易将其摧毁。
What is an example of a non-harmful bacteria that is beneficial to people?
举例说明一种对人体有益且无害的细菌？
Bacteria in your gut microbiome, probiotics, lactic acid bacteria that ferments milk into yogurt
肠道微生物群中的细菌、益生菌、乳酸菌（可将牛奶发酵成酸奶）
What will happen to the bacteria in a sandwich you leave on the counter at room temperature for a few hours? (如果把三明治放在室温下的台面上几个小时，里面的细菌会发生什么变化?)
The bacteria will start to grow because room temperature is an ideal temperature for bacterial growth. (由于室温是细菌生长的理想温度，细菌会开始生长。)
The following definition describes what? (以下定义描述的是什么?)
"When a large portion of the population gets vaccinated to protect at-risk individuals – those that cannot get vaccinated and would get very sick from a disease if they caught it." (“当社会上很大一部分人接种疫苗时，就能保护那些无法接种疫苗、一旦感染疾病就会病情严重的弱势群体。”)
Herd Immunity
Fill in the blank: Major concerns that Public health organizations address include: Water quality, Removal of waste, Treatment of sewage, mass immunization, Air quality, and _____ _______.
填空：公共卫生组织关注的主要问题包括：水质、废物清除、污水处理、大规模免疫接种、空气质量和_____ ______。
Food Safety
During an inflammatory response, which cells in the body immediately surround the site of inflammation to fight off invading bacteria?
在炎症反应期间，身体中哪些细胞会立即包围炎症部位，以抵抗入侵的细菌？
Machrophages
Name one of the Pandemics or Epidemics in history that we discussed in class, not including COVID-19.
请列举我们在课堂上讨论过的历史中的一次大流行病或流行病，但不包括 COVID-19。
Bubonic Plague (Black Plague), Tuberculosis, Spanish Flu, AIDS
鼠疫（黑死病）、肺结核、西班牙流感、艾滋病