Famous Persons
This person removed the handle of the Broad Street water pump, preventing people from using contaminated water.
John Snow
This type of surveillance relies on routine reporting of diseases without active follow-up by health officials
Passive Surveillance
Vaccination programs are an example of what type of prevention
Primary prevention
A patient with tuberculosis coughs, releasing bacteria into the air. Which link of the chain is being demonstrated?
Portal of Exit
A study design that starts with people who already have the disease and compare them to people who do not have the disease and look back in time
Case-control study
This person helped establish a causal relationship between a specific microorganism and a specific disease.
Robert Koch
This surveillance type is most useful for early outbreak detection before diagnoses are confirmed
Syndromic surveillance
A patient with diabetes receives physical therapy to prevent limb amputation is this level of prevention.
Tertiary prevention
Safe food handling and proper cooking temperatures break which link?
Infectious Agent
A systematic error in the design, conduct, analysis, or interpretation of a study that leads to results that do not accurately represent the truth.
Bias
This person introduced handwashing with disinfectant before delivering babies. This helps prevent the disease puerperal fever (childbirth fever).
Ignaz Semmelweis
Health officials call hospitals daily to ask whether any new cases of Ebola have been identified during a known outbreak.
Active Surveillance
Which prevention level is population-focused and often involves policy or environmental change?
Primordial prevention
Vaccinating a population primarily targets which link in the chain of infection?
Susceptible Host
A variable that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome and distorts the apparent relationship between them.
Confounder
This person developed systematic collection and analysis of vital statistics, including birth and death records.
William Farr
This surveillance type is best for monitoring long-term trends, not rapid outbreak detection
Passive surveillance
Treating hypertension to prevent a stroke is an example of:
Secondary prevention
A hospital isolates patients with measles to prevent spread. Which link of the chain is MOST directly being broken?
Mode of Transmission
How good a test is at identifying people who do NOT have the disease (true negatives)
Specificity
This person used statistics and data visualization to show that poor sanitation caused high death rates in hospitals, leading to improved hygiene practices.
Florence Nightingale
A small group of selected hospitals report detailed influenza data each week to monitor trends, but not all hospitals participate.
Sentinel surveillance
This level of prevention focuses on protecting patients from unnecessary or harmful medical interventions
Quaternary prevention
This intervention breaks more than one link in the chain of infection (Infectious Agent & Mode of Transmission)
Hand hygiene
How good a test is at finding people who DO have the disease (true positives)
Sensitivity