Autonomic Nervous System
Function of ANS and subdivisions
regulate the rate at which organs work, either increasing or decreasing activity
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
What is the difference between mood and depression, and what are the two classifications of mood disorders?
Mood: sustained emotional state
Depression: affective states become chronic and uncontrollable/intense feelings of sadness, mental slowing, hopelessness
2 classifications: major depressive disorder (unipolar) and bipolar disorder 1&2
Anxiety and list the disorders
interpretation of stimulus to be dangerous and creates a heightened arousal state
- generalized anxiety disorder, OCD, PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder
Difference between delusions and hallucinations
Delusions: false belief about what is taking place or who someone is
Hallucinations: seeing or hearing things that arent there
What do each of the adrenergic receptors stimulate
a1: blood vessels, kidney, liver, and smooth muscle- dilates pupils and constricts blood vessels
a2:vascular smooth muscle- inhibits the release of NE, inhibits secretion, and promotes clotting
b1: heart and kidneys
b2: lungs, liver- dilates blood vessels and bronchioles
What neurotransmitters are involved in each division of ANS
Sympathetic: acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Parasympathetic: acetylcholine and acetylcholine
List symptoms of depression
depressed or irritable mood
loss of interest and pleasure
significant weight gain or loss
insomnia or hypersomnia
fatigue/loss of energy
feelings of worthlessness or recess guilt
Obsession: recurrent, persistent thought, impulse, or mental image that is unwanted and destressing and comes involuntarily despite attempts to suppress it
Compulsion: ritualized behavior or mental act thata person is driven to perform in response to their obsessions
What neurotransmitters are affected by schizophrenia
dopamine and serotonin are high
glutamate is low
What is the difference between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2
Bipolar 1: manic episodes and at least 1 major depressive episode
Bipolar 2: recurrent major depressive episode w/ one or more hypomanic episodes
Name everything you know about the Parasympathetic System
- “rest and digest”: cranial and sacral
- directs digestion, diuresis, and defecation (D-Divison)
- BP, HR, RR low, GI activity high
- SLUDGE
- cholinergic: release of ACH (direct & indirect); receptors- muscarinic and nicotinic
- long preganglionic and short postgabglionic
List the symptoms used to diagnose Depression and how many must be present for what time period
M SIG E CAPS
mood (depressed), sleep (increased/decreased), interest/pleasure (diminished), guilt/feelings (worthless), energy (decreased), concentration (decreased), appetite (increased/decreased), psychomotor (agitation or retardation) and suicidal ideation
- 5 symptoms over a 2-week period
What treatment is used for OCD?
SSRIs- Citalopram and Paroxetine
What symptoms can/must be present to diagnose someone with schizophrenia
1. delusions
2. hallucinations
3. disorganized speech
4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. negative symptoms
- 2 must be present with at least one being either 1, 2, or 3 over a 1-month period
List the classes of antidepressants
- TCAs
- SSRIs
-SNRIs
- MAOIs
Atypical Antidepressants: NRIs and NDRIs
Name everything you know about the Sympathetic System
- “Fight or flight”: lumbar and thoracic
- directs exercise, excitement, embarrassment, and emergency(E-Divison)
- BP, HR, RR high, GI activity low
- opposite of SLUDGE (except sweating)
- adrenergic: release of NE (direct, indirect & mixed); recptors- a1, a2, b1, b2
-short preganglionic and long postganglionic
List the types of depression
- Major depressive disorder
- persistent depressive disorder
- seasonal affective disorder
- psychotic
-postpartum
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
What is used to treat social anxiety disorder
Benzodiazpine- Alprazolam (Xanax)
SSRIs- Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline
What are the classifications of symptoms of schizophrenia, and what medications are administered?
positive symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, disoriented behavior (Typical antipsychotics)
negative symptoms: absence of normal, social, and interpersonal behaviors: abolition, anhedonia, affective flattening, and alogia (Atypical antipsychotics - both pos & neg symptoms)
Cognitive symptoms: difficulties with memory, comprehension, and learning
What other disorder does Bipolar 2 share common features with
ADHD
Synthesis of Norepinephrine Sequence
Tyronise (tyrosine hydroxylase) DOPA (dopa decarboxylase) Dopamine (dopamine B-hydroxylase) Norepinephrine
What are the 3 theories associated with depression, and what neurotransmitters are affected
Biogenic Amine Theory
Neurotrophic Theory
Monoamine Theory
- dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine deficiency
What treatment is used for Panic Disorders
Conditioned Behavior Therapy
SNRIs- Venalafaxine
SSRIs- Parozentine, Escitalopram
Benzodiazepines
List the pathways associated with schizophrenia
Mesocortical: negative symptoms
Mesolimbic: positive symptoms
Tuberoinfundibular
Nigrostriatal
What treatment is used for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
SNRIs- Venlafaxine
SSRIs- Paroxetine and Escitalopram
Benzodiazepine