Bloat
What is the difference between primary and secondary bloat?
Primary or frothy bloat = Persistent foam mixed with rumen contents - seen in feedlot cattle, or green pasture
Secondary or free gas = Gas separated from ingesta - physical obstruction to eructation, interference with esophageal groove function, interference with nerve pathways, ruminal atony, unusual lying postures
How do you prevent bloat
Restrict grazing time
Choice of non-bloat inducing forages
Use bloatguard
monensin
Control the roughage in the ration
How do you approach a rabies suspect case
Wear gloves/PPE
Isolate and observe animal
Get brain after death
Distinguish between organisms which cause mastitis
Host adapted - staph aureus, strep agalactia, strep dysgalactia = spread at milking time
environmental - E. coli, strep uberis = fecal organisms from the environment
What are the risk factors for pinkeye
Species - bos taurus higher
Breed - lack of pigmentation
Age - calves
Geographic climate
What is the pathogenesis for primary bloat?
Soluble proteins in bloat inducing plants are rapidly digested by rumen microflora
Release of chloroplast particles are readily colonized by rumen microflora and gas bubbles are trapped creating a stable froth
Inadequate coalescence of gas bubbles inhibits eructation
Higher foam production in bloat susceptible cattle is related to rumen rates of passage
Bloat susceptible cows also tend to produce less saliva
What are the signs of neruologic disease
Possible presentations - gait abnormalities, abnormal head posture, stargazing, blindness, sicks, recumbency, weird/repetitive behaviour, difficulty eating, dead
What is a TSE
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Prion diseases
Chronic wasting diseases
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Scrape
Construct a basic mastitis control plan
wear gloves when milking, keep machines in tip top shape, use teat dips, cull cows with cantagious mastitis, treat appropriately, give teat spincter a chance to close after milking, Clean and dry bedding, teat dipping, no washing udder with water before milking, proper animal monitoring, treat with antibiotics, Use dry cow therapy at end of lactation
Early recognition and prompt treatment of clinical cases -> ensure the milking machine is serviced regularly and in good order -> post milking teat dipping -> cull chronic cases -> use dry cow therapy
Name the most common microbe involved in bovine pinkeye
Moraxella bovis
then moraxella bovoculi, moraxella ovis, mycoplasma bovis
What is the pathogenesis for secondary bloat?
Physical obstruction - esophageal obstruction or enlargements pressing on the esophagus
Interference with esophageal groove - vagus indigestion, diaphragmatic hernias, tetanus
Interference with nerve pathway - vagus nerve
ruminal atony - hypocalcemia, ruminal acidosis
What are the components of a neruologic exam
Recognizing neurological disease, getting the patient to cooperate
Try to assess - behaviour, vision, gait, ability to eat
Crainial nerve exam - vision, sensation and response, hearing, mastication and swallowing
Pupillary light reflex and menace response
What are the differences between Scrapie and BSE
BSE - nervousness, aggression, problems walking = spread through meat and bone meal, can spread to other species
scrapie - small ruminants = more complicated, not zoonotic, behavioural changes, pruritus, problems walking, no signs at all, genetic factor in passing it down
How do you detect cows with mastitis
Somatic cell count
Total bacterial count
How do you control pinkeye
Antimicrobials
Oxytetracycline SC, tulathromycin, florfenicol, penicillin in the conjuctiva
Protect the eye
Vaccines
prevent by - controlling fly vectors, removing fly breeding areas, dust control
What are the clinical signs of bloat
Important cause of sudden death
marked distension of left abdomen
Signs of colic, kicking at belly, stand and lie down frequently
Frequent defecation, urination
Distends right abdomen when severe
stretched stance with feet back
Distress, difficulty breathing, protrusion of tongue, salivation, extension of head, cyanosis
What are some types of neurological diseases
Rabies
Polio
Lead poisoning
Thiamine deficiency
Sulfate toxicity
Salt toxicity
TSE
BSE
Listeria
What are the signs of rabies, listeria and polio
Rabies - salivation, choking, bellowing, aggressiveness, convulsion, lameness, ataxia, itching, anorexia, paresis/paralysis
listeria - circling disease or silage disease = head tilt, circling, facial never paralysis
polio - ataxia, tremors, recumbency, convulsions, opisthotonus, dorsomedial strabismus, cortical blindness
What is the basic eye anatomy
Cornea - clear part
Sclera - white
Vascular tunic - iris
Lens, retina, optic nerve, aqueous humor, vitreous humor
What are the risk factors for cancer eye
Breed - hereford, holsteins
Colouration - lack of pigment
UV radiation
Age - 7-8 years
What are the treatment options for bloat
Step 1 - Assessment = is the animal close to death
Step 2 - diagnosis = free or frothy bloat?
- frothy bloat = antifoaming agents
- free gas bloat = passing of a stomach tube, or a trocars/cannula
List those neurologic conditions that are zoonotic
BSE
Rabies
Listeria
Why should a dairy operation address mastitis
Its an economically important disease - 8% of cows are removed for it
most common reason for antibiotic use on dairies
What are the different types of mange affecting ruminants
Chorioptic mange
Psoroptic mange
Scaroptic mange
Demodectic mange
Lice
What are the common eye disease in cattle? and their causes
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis - bacteria (moraxella bovis) after initial injury from flies, UV light, dust, plants, feed
Foreign bodies
Cancer eye
lymphoma
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Bovine herpes virus 1