More important sheep
What is old thin ewe disease
Johnes, meidi-visna, caseous lymphadenitis, parasites, worms, malnutrition
What are the two main categories of disease
Reportable - not typically present in canada
Endemic - common in canada
What are the 6 steps to go through with disease control
List of locations/sites used by the operation
Farm diagram
Review pillars of biosecurity
Conduct biosecurity self assessment
analyse the self-assessment
Establish and action plan to mitigate risk
What are the zoonotic pathogens at lambing in sheep
Oral - Chlamydiosis, campylobacteriosis, listeriosis, Q fever, salmonella, toxoplasma, leptospirosis
Inhalation - Q-fever, listeriosis, chladmydiosis
What is the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis
Single animal or group find a large supply of unprotected grain/carbs
Feeding erros
Transition management
Stubble fields
Ingestion of excess CHO -> lots of VFAs produced -> strep bovis grows -> increased lactate -> lactate exceeds rumen buffering capacity -> rumen pH <5
What is pulpy kidney
Cl. perfringens type D, - juvenile colstridial hemorrhagic enteritis
Disease of rapidly growing lambs especially with high CHO diets
associated with waning maternal antibodies
What is a reportable disease? examples
Can be locally or nationally catastrophic
high morbidity or mortality
Human health/political/trade implications
Diagnosis of the disease must be reported to the regional CFIA office
Bovine Tb, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, FMD, Cysticercosis
What are the animal movement risks
Movement of high risk or highly susceptible animals
- high risk = unknown vaccine status, commingled, sick or recently recovered, high risk cattle may look healthy
- highly susceptible = unvaccinated, neonates, recently weaned, pregnancy
What is Q-fever
Bacterial disease
A cause of abortion
Flu-like sickness in people, no clinical signs in animals
What is the spectrum of disease
from simple indigestion to severe acute acidosis (subacute in between)
Flucuating rumen pH, acidosis = 5.2-5.6 for 3 hours or more
What is pneumonia
A complex variety of disorders - enzootic (barns/younger lambs), acute (feedlot), chronic (old thin ewe syndrome)
What is an endemic disease? examples
Production limiting
Black leg, BVD, resp disease, Scours
morbidity and mortality varies with diease, reduce production, some are zoonotic
What are the management points for high risk and highly susceptible animals
Identify and assess risk
Reduce direct and indirect contact
Disclose health concerns
Treat promptly
Clean and disinfect
Group and manage by risk
Handle healthy and highly susceptible first
What are the government regulated Zoonoese
Tuberculosis
Brucellosis
Anthrax
FMD
What is the etiology of ruminal acidosis
Step up period, poor bunk management, going off feed for a period of time then back on, timing - feeding late, accidental feeding of higher concentrate diets to the wrong pen
Why is nutrition important
Metabolic demands in sheep are higher due to body size, cant tell size with wool
Need higher quality feed especially in lactation/pregnancy
malnutrition is the number 1 problem in disease outbreaks
copper is important to not overfeed
What are the four steps in biosecurity planning
Assess
Plan
Implement
Monitor
What skin diseases are zoonotic
Orf - skin disease
Ringworm - fungal disease - direct and indirect transmission, self limiting
Why care about Zoonoses
Personal safety
Safety of employees
Farm visitors
Public health
What is the sequelae to ruminal acidosis
Chemical and mycotic bacterial rumenitis
Chronic rumenitis and ruminal hyperkeratosis
liver abscesses
Posterier vena caval thrombosis syndrome
laminitis
polioencephalomalacia
What is orf
Awful disease with no treatment
Parapox virus - no treatment
Crusting sores around the mouth and nose
Zoonotic - takes 6 weeks to course thru, and immunity is short lived
What are the four pillars of biosecurity
Animal movements
Movement of people, vehicles, equipment and tools
Animal health practices
Educating, planning and recording
What are the enteric zoonotic diseases
Salmonella - fecal-oral transmission, milk and meat
Cryptosporidium - can get into water supplies
Enterotoxigenic E. coli - many strains = a foodborne strain, and a strain that lives in cattle GI and does no harm but harms humans - can contaminate through water, or manure spreading onto crops, or fecal contamination
Campylobacter - foodborne bacterial infection, can contaminate water
What are we gonna do to this exam
CRUSHHHHHH ITTTTTTT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What are the treatment options and how do we deal with an outbreak
Correct the ruminal and systemic acidosis
Restore fluid and electrolyte losses
Restore forestomach and intestinal motility
Treat secondary complications
Oral products