Definitions
What are inherited defects
these defects can be structural in nature or physiologic
DNA analysis and test matings are necessary
control is largely accomplished through identification and elimination of carriers
What are phsycial barriers
First line of defense
- hair, tight junctions, goblet and ciliated cells, mucins
What disrupts the urogenital tract and What protections does the urogenital tract have
Changes in urine, retention of urine, sexual activity, and birthing injuries
Epithelial lining
Sphincters
Washing action
Vaginal bacterial population
What is the complement or crossover system
Complement while part of the innate immune system is an important connecting component
Complement is a network of plasma proteins that are activated by pathogens and can - punch holes in bacterial cell membranes, antibody dependent activation, enhancing B-cell responses, opsonization, release of chemicals that attract immune cells
What are the three main types of antibody and their importance
IgG - important to secondary responses and is a main component resulting from development of immune memory; found in blood, lymph, and other body fluids
IgA - short duration and main purpose is to prevent attachment to epithelial surfaces
IgM - produced in response to new infections, first on the scene. main purpose in neutralization and clearance. initiates inflammatory reactions via complement activation
what are the 3 forms of inherited defects
lethal defects
debilitating defects
aesthetic defects
What are antimicrobial peptides
Produced by the airway epithelial cells and prevent microbes from colonizing airways
What protections does the mammary gland have?
Epithelial surface
Sphincter - lining
Natural bacterial population
Chemical factors in milk
What is a quick summary of the complement system
A network of plasma proteins that provides connection between the innate and adaptive immune systems by:
1 - being activated by antibody
2 - enhancing b cell response
3 - improving antigen presentation
What are the steps of IgG production
Forgein antigen is bound to a B cell receptor
B cell is activated and processes the antigen and presents it
T helper cell recognizes the presented antigen and is activated
Th cell than secretes cytokines that promote B cell growth, differentiation to plasma cells and antibody production
What is the immune system
Complex group of interacting structures, cells, proteins, and biochemicals that work to protect the body from infection by various foreign invaders including a variety of pathogens
What protections does the gastro intestinal tract have
Rumen - naturally loaded with bacteria making it hard for anything to survive
Abomasum - designed for protein digestion
Intestines - physical barrier, shedding surface, natural bacterial population, continual flow
What causes mastitis
Teat injury
Backflow of milk
Disruption of natural flora
What is the adaptive or acquired immune system
Learned system that has long lasting memory that allows for more rapid and stronger responses when future exposures occur to the same or similar pathogens
What is the ultimate purpose/result of IgG production
Activation of B cells which differentiate to either
- Plasma cells that produce large quantities of antibody = entire process takes up to a week therefore reliant on innate immunity during early stages of infection, antibody binds to pathogens to either disrupt them or mark them for clearance by other cells
- Memory B cells = Stored in low quantities, Allow for a more rapid response upon next encounter with the same/similar pathogen
What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity
Innate - non specific, function regardless of previous exposure
Acquired - Learned based upon previous exposure, very specific and very aggressive
What are the problems with newborns
No intestinal bacteria
Very poor stomach acid
Systems designed to allow for antibody absorption
What protections do the eyes have
Epithelial lining
Natural washing action
Chemical factors - lysozyme
What are the two main arms of adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity - Closely linked to B cells, several types of antibody = IgG, IgA, IgM
Cell mediated immunity - Lymphocytic cells = B cells (produce antibody, provide immune memory), T cells (helper, cytotoxic, regulatory)
What are the steps of IgA production
Antigen sampling by antigen presenting cells
Dentritic cells present to mucosal associated lymphoid tissue -> B cell activation and similar help by Th cell, but they trigger a class switch from IgG to IgA
IgA producing B cells travel in lymph and blood to reach mucosal lining of respiratory tract
Plasmablasts differentiate into plasma cells and release a form of IgA which latter is released into the mucus layer of the airway lumen
What are epithelial cells
First barrier to protect from invasion
Commonly associated with skin
other epithelial barriers exist - respiratory, alimentary, urogenital
What protection does the respiratory tract have
Nasal passages
Epithelial lining
Mucus layer - with cilia
Upper respiratory tract microbiome - competition for nutrients, direct antagonism, anti inflammatory effects
What are the different types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells are all phagocytes (engulf and destroy)
Eosinophils and basophils are all granulocytes (promote inflammation)
Natural killer cells (kill virus infected cells)
What is the purpose of the humoral immunity
Main purpose is to prevent and/or control infection from extracellular pathogens
Why teach about IgG and IgA
Calves are born without them - so colostrum is their source and forms the first 4-6 months of immunity
IgG is the main humoral response resulting from systemic vaccine immunization - one of the main purposes of immunization is to produce memory B cell response
Movement toward mucosal vaccines over last 10 years - many respiratory vaccines are mucosal and induce an IgA