Mental Retardation
Learning Disorders
Autistic Disorder
ADHD
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER
100
_____ is the percentage of the general population that is affected by an intellectual disability.
What is 1% In the severe range, the number is approximately 6 per 1000
100
Prevalence of specific learning disorder across the academic domains ranges from 5 - ____% in school aged children.
What is 15%? Estimates are unknown in adults, but appear to be approximately 4%.
100
Autism is more common in ____ than in _____.
What is in boys than in girls? The prevalence of autism is about 1% of people worldwide, and it occurs four to five times more often in boys than girls. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report 1.5% of children in the United States (one in 68) are diagnosed with ASD as of 2014, a 30% increase from one in 88 in 2012. The number of people diagnosed with autism has been increasing dramatically since the 1980s, partly due to changes in diagnostic practice and government-subsidized financial incentives for named diagnoses; the question of whether actual prevalence has increased is unresolved.
100
ADHD affects ___% of children.
What is 5%? Population surveys suggest that ADHD occurs in most cultures in about 5% of children and about 2.5% of adults.
100
ODD is more common in ____ than in _____.
What is in Boys than in Girls? The disorder appears to be somewhat more prevalent in males than in females (1.4:1) prior to adolescence. The prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder ranges from 1% to 11%, with an average prevalence estimate of around 3.3% According to a 1992 article, if left untreated, about 52% of children with ODD will continue to meet the DSM-IV criteria up to three years later, and about half of those 52% will progress into conduct disorder. CD may progress into antisocial personality disorder. This strong correlation between strong defiance in childhood and adulthood may suggest similar mechanisms for hostility toward established authority by children and by adults.
200
Deficits in intellectual and ______ functioning with onset in the developmental period is a hallmark of the diagnosis of Intellectual Disability.
What is Adaptive Functioning? Onset in the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains. The following 3 criteria must be met: Deficits in intellectual functions such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, & learning from experience. Confirmed by both clinical assessment & individualized, standardized intelligence testing. Deficits in adaptive functioning that results in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. w/out ongoing support the adaptive deficits limit functioning in one or more activities of daily life )communication, social participation & and independent living) across multiple environments such as home, school, work, & community. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits in the developmental period Severity is determined by adaptive functioning 317 – mild – individuals skills are immature compared to age-mates 318.0 – Moderate - marked differences in ability from peers 318.1 – severe – quite limited abilities 318.2 – profound - very limited abilities
200
Difficulties, while not necessary to be fully recognized, typically start in the ________ aged years.
What is school? Difficulties in learning and using academic skills,. As indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 moths, despite the provision of interventions that target those difficulties: Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read Difficulties with spelling Difficulties with written expression (grammar, punctuation, etc) Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation Difficulties with mathematical reasoning Performance below what is expected of age and causes interference with academic or occupational performance Difficulties began during school-age years Difficulties are not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities, or sensory difficulties (vision, hearing, etc.) When coding, use specifiers to indicate which aspects of the academic area are difficult
200
Autism Spectrum Disorder severity is not categorized based on ___ levels of increasing need for support.
What is 3?
200
Symptoms of ADHD include inattention, hyperactivity, disruptive behavior, and ______.
What is impulsivity?
200
Oppositional Defiant Disorder involves symptoms from ____ main categories?
What is 3? ODD is defined as a a pattern of angry/irritable behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, and is exhibited during interaction with at least one individual that is not a sibling. Individuals must display four symptoms from one of the following categories: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness. Unlike children with conduct disorder (CD), children with oppositional defiant disorder are not aggressive towards people or animals (even though this directly contradicts the "signs and symptoms"), do not destroy property, and do not show a pattern of theft or deceit
300
... is used to assess an individual for intellectual disabilities.
What are genetic tests, IQ tests, adaptive functioning tests, or interviews with collateral contacts? Medical and genetic testing can confirm some syndromes associated with Mental Retardation, such as Down Syndrome. Intelligence tests that are commonly used with young children include: Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI-R), Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). These instruments require extensive training and are usually administered by a licensed psychologist. Adaptive behavior can be assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior scale. Interview data from parents, caretakers, teachers, and others can be useful as well
300
Individuals with a learning disorder typically score within the _____ range on IQ tests such as the Stanford Binet and Wechsler scales. They also typically score in the ______ _____ range on at least one specific academic domain on achievement tests such as the Woodcock Johnson and the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT).
What is normal range and the below average range.
300
Assessment of Autism is multifaceted and includes ______ with parent, teachers, and other caretakers, direct __________, and symptom checklists.
What is interviews & behavioral observation? Specific instruments include the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, and the Gilliam Asperger’s Rating Scale. There are also additional tests used to measure social/emotional functioning, expressive and receptive language skills, and some that are more appropriate when an Autism Spectrum Disorder is suspected.
300
ADHD is diagnosed through ____ report, observation of the child in different settings, and ____ report.
What is Parent & Teacher report? Checklists and questionnaires such as the Conners’ Rating Scales are often completed by both parents and teachers. The Brown ADD scales may also be used.
300
Interviews, historical/records data, and behavioral _______ are good indicators of ODD.
What is Observations? The Behavioral Assessment Scale for Children and Connor Scales can also be helpful here.
400
Down syndrome is an example of a _______ cause of intellectual disability.
What is Genetic? Prenatal Genetic conditions. Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons. The most prevalent genetic conditions include Down syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Fragile X syndrome (common among boys), Neurofibromatosis, congenital hypothyroidism, Williams syndrome, Phenylketonuria (PKU), and Prader-Willi syndrome. Inborn Errors metabolism, brain malformation, maternal disease when the fetus does not develop properly environmental - alcohol, toxins, other drugs, and teratogens Perinatal Labor & delivery events leading to encephalopathy Postnatal Hypoxy, TBI, infection, demylenation disorders, seizures, severe chronic social deprivation, & toxin exposure
400
_____ is a potential cause of learning disorders.
What is environmental or genetic? Environmental – prematurity, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to nicotine Genetic & physiological – high heritability in families
400
Autism has a strong _______ basis for transmission of the disorder.
What is Genetic? Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations, or by rare combinations of common genetic variants. In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects Heritability estimates for autism spectrum disorders have ranged from 37 to higher than 90% based on twin concordance rates
400
Causes of ADHD include Genetic, _______, and Societal.
What is Environmental? Environmental factors are believed to play a lesser role. Alcohol intake during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder which can include symptoms similar to ADHD. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy can cause problems with central nervous system development and can increase the risk of ADHD. Genetic Twin studies indicate that the disorder is often inherited from one's parents with genetics determining about 75% of cases. Siblings of children with ADHD are three to four times more likely to develop the disorder than siblings of children without the disorder. Genetic factors are also believed to be involved in determining whether or not ADHD persists into adulthood. Societal The diagnosis of ADHD can represent family dysfunction or a poor educational system rather than an individual problem
400
The cause of ODD is _____.
What is unknown? The exact cause of ODD is unknown, but it is believed that a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors may contribute to the condition.
500
… is a current form of treatment for intellectual disabilities.
What is self-help skills, or support & educational groups for family members. Focus on increasing self-help skills so that the individual can achieve the highest level of independent functioning possible. Use of behavioral techniques, particularly operant conditioning methods, is common. Support and educational groups for families is helpful so that families are aware of the limitations of their loved one. The type and nature of intervention for Mental Retardation depends upon the severity of the individual’s condition
500
A psychologist or educational specialist will provide ______ ______ to help students compensate for their disability.
What is learning strategies, or accommodations? Interventions tend to be educational in nature Many children with learning disabilities tend to have a low self-concept, so they can benefit from counseling Parental education about the students’ disability is important so that they do not inadvertently contribute to the students’ low self-concept.
500
A key approach to TX is _____ intervention.
What is Early intervention? Children with Autism benefit from early intervention focusing on sensory processing issues and social engagement. Primary deficits of Autism and Asperger’s (language, communication, and understanding of emotion) are the key targets of interventions. Positive Reinforcement is also key. Specialists in Applied Behavioral Analysis often work 1-on-1 to reinforce positive social behaviors & decrease behaviors that tend to isolate and cause other problems for the client.
500
Treatment for ADHD must be multifaceted and include ________, Teachers & Parents, environmental manipulations, and supportive or family therapy for adjunctive problems such as low self-esteem.
What is medications? Medication is often a part of treatment for ADHD. Psychostimulants such as Ritalin are commonly prescribed. Medications should never be used alone, & always be given in conjunction with psychological & behavioral interventions If the child suffers from low self-esteem, then family and supportive therapy should also be utilized Teachers and parents both need to be involved in treatment, as learning activities must be structured and success should be promptly rewarded. Further environmental manipulations are needed both at home and at school to reduce distractions.
500
_______ education is usually the first intervention.
What is Parent? Often these children have poor parental supervision. In some cases the parents have not set boundaries with the child, thus compromising their authority and leadership. These interventions are often behavioral in nature Counseling may help the child direct energy in more positive way, such as physical activity, wilderness excursions, art, music, and so on. If a child is very angry, the source of that anger should be identified and addressed through counseling.
M
e
n
u