Special Tests
With the arm to be tested in 90 degrees of elbow flexion and 90 degrees of shoulder flexion (forward elevation), the patient then cross adducts / horizontally adducts, resting the hand on top of the opposite shoulder describes this test
What is the Scarf Test (AKA Cross Arm Adduction Test, Cross Chest Adduction Test or Crossover Test)
Used to check AC injury. Positive test is localized pain over AC joint
This view is the most accurate view when looking at AC sprains
What is a Zanca view
This is the only bony connection between the arm and the trunk
What is a clavicle
Hallmark feature of this condition is loss of both active & passive shoulder motion
What is Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)
These types of AC sprains are usually treated non-surgically with a sling, ice & NSAIDS
What are types 1-3 (AC sprains)
A positive Neer's test indicates what diagnosis?
What is rotator cuff impingement
Patients arm in 70 degrees abduction, 30 degrees forward flexion and internally rotates thumbs down. Examiner pushes down against resistance. Pain and/or weakness = positive test describes this test
What is the empty can (Jobe) test
Used to access Rotator Cuff injuries
Full thickness rotator cuff tears are often diagnosed with this imaging modality
What is an MRI
This synovial fluid-filled sac is found below the acromion and can become irritated if the rotator cuff becomes weak
What is the subacromial bursa
Deltoid muscle weakness and decreased deltoid sensation in the "badge area" describe damage to what nerve?
What is the Axillary nerve
A coaptation splint is also known as this
What is a sugar tong splint
The Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor and subscapularis
What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff
Patient rotates arm behind back to midlumbar level. Patient attempts to push examiner’s hand away from back. Weakness & pain = positive test with this type of test
What is the Lift-off test
Checks subsapularis
Shoulder radiograph is usually unnecessary for initial evaluation of this condition which commonly presents with localized tenderness, inflammation, edema and decreased ROM
What is subacromial impingement (bursitis or rotator cuff tendonitis)
The rotator cuff is made up of the subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor and _________________
What is supraspinatus
Checking motor function with the "thumbs up" sign and checking for resisted extension of the thumb describes checking for which nerve
What is the radial nerve
Impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tendinitis or tears commonly have this type of shoulder pain pattern
What is lateral pain (pain over deltoid)
This type of injury usually occurs with shoulder dislocations in younger patients when the glenoid labrum is disrupted and a bone fragment is avulsed
What are Bankart lesions
When examining a patient for possible subacromial impingement, the impingement sign test is also known as this
What is Neer's impingement sign
Glenohumeral arthroscopy is the gold standard to diagnosis this condition
What is SLAP tear (or SLAP lesion)
This nerve is the nerve most commonly injured by midshaft humerus fractures
What is the radial nerve
Tenting of the skin overlying this type of fracture is usually an indication for an ortho referral
What is a clavicle fracture
These types of injuries are more common in the older population (often damaged from everyday activities) whereas in younger patients, they are usually due to trauma
What are rotator cuff tendon tears
This orthopedic condition has a 2-4 fold higher incidence in diabetics vs the normal population
What is frozen shoulder
Flex patient’s shoulder & elbow to 90 degrees with palm facing down. Then with one hand on forearm and one on the upper arm, rotate the arm internally describes this test
What is the Hawkin's test (Hawkins-Kennedy test)
The light bulb sign can be seen with this condition
What is a posterior shoulder dislocation
A displaced fracture or fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus can cause supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle weakness if this nerve is affected
What is the suprascapular nerve
The most common location of an anteriorly dislocated shoulder is this position
What is subcoracoid position
Types 4-6 of this condition are rare and almost always require surgery
What are AC Sprains
This method to reduce a dislocated shoulder requires the patient to lie prone with a weight applied to the hanging arm
What is Stimson method
The Neer's Test is useful to help diagnose this condition?
What is subacromial impingement (Bursitis or rotator cuff tendonitis)
Fractures of the clavicle are typically described using this classification system
What is Allman classification
Besides the acromioclavicular ligament, these other ligaments also attach to the clavicle
What are the coracoclavicular ligaments
Cracking, grinding or crunching that happens when moving a joint is also known as this
What is crepitus
This type of fracture is the 3rd most common fracture in older adults and is 3-4 times more common in females than males
What are proximal humerus fractures
A positive crossover test indicates this
What is rotator cuff impingment