Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
biological/psychodynamic therapies
Cognitive and Cognitive behavioral therapy
100
What are phobias? What are 2 types?
Disorders characterized by a persistent and irrational fear & consequent avoidance of a specific object or situation. * specific phobia * social phobia
100
What is major depression?
This disorder is characterized by the presence of 5 or more of the following symptoms manifested all day nearly every day for at least 2 weeks: • depressed mood • loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia) • Weight loss or gain • insomnia or hypersomnia • feelings of restlessness or of being slowed down • fatigue or loss of energy • feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt • concentration problems or indecisiveness •recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation or suicide attempts.
100
Why is schizophrenia such a serious mental disorder?
Because the person loses touch with reality through psychosis. Disorder can also be debilitating because of disorganized speech and behavior as well as flat effect.
100
Why would a psychaitrist use Electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy (biological therapy) still despite its risks?
If a patient is severly suicidal and no other therapy or medications have worked.
100
What is behavior therapy?
focus on current behavior; skill oriented; theory that problems stem from faulty learning; viewed as maladaptive habits- use learning theories to change behavior
200
What is a panic attack?
sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
200
What is bipolar disorder (manic depression)?
Person alternates between two “poles” of emotion from mania to severe depression * Mania-(highs) * Depression- (lows)
200
What is the difference between a hallucination and a delusion?
hallucination- hearing voices and possibly seeing things that are not there delusions- false beliefs like believing you are grand like God and paranoid beliefs like someone is out to get you.
200
What are 5 different classifications of drugs used in drug therapy (biological therapy)? What do they treat and what are some side effects?
1. antipsychotics-reserpine was the first; now phenothiazines effective, especially for positive symptoms of schizophrenia side effects such as tardive dyskinesia - loss of muscle control usually in the face (involuntary movements of the mouth, jaw, etc 2. antidepressants- to treat depression tricyclics- tofranil MAOs- nardil- not much used due to dietary restrictions SSRIs- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Prozac. Fewer side effects than older meds so more popular, but not necessary more effective Atypical- miscellaneous, for those who don’t respond or have certain side effects Side effects- dry mouth, fatigue, sexual dysfunction ession 3. antianxiety – benzodiazepines, produce relaxation or reduce anxiety Valium or Xanax- dangerous with alcohol! 4. Mood stabilizers- lithium for bipolar 5. Stimulants- ADHD
200
What are some examples of behavior therapy?
flooding; systematic desensitization; aversion therapy (first three based on classical conditioning; shaping; token economies; role playing; assertiveness training- last 4 based on operant conditioning also observational learning
300
What is post-traumatic stress disorder?
develops after experiencing an event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury where the person experienced fear, helplessness, or horror. Common in POW & war veterans.
300
With what disorders is suicide usually associated with?
while most common diagnosis associated with suicide is depression or bipolar disorder (50-80%) also associated with alcoholism, schizophrenia, chronic illness, etc.
300
What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
positive-symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking negative- symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production
300
What type of therapy would lobotamy fall under? Is it still used? Why or why not?
Lobotomies fall under biological therapy and are a type of psychsurgery. Not used anymore due to exteme side effects such as: distractibility, reduced learning ability, overeating, apathy, social withdrawal, seizures, reduced creativity and even death
300
What are cognitive therapies? What are some common techniques used?
alter faulty or distorted modes of thinking (sounds like Rogers; techniques are different) techniques: Recognize negative self-talk, - role of thoughts in determining emotions and behavior Cognitive restructuring- process in cognitive therapy to change destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations
400
What is obssesive/compulsive disorder?
You are compelled to act out on your obssessions. Intrudes on your life. Obsessions: thoughts, distressing in nature that intrude into ones thoughts Ex: Man has the frequent urge to stand & scream in public places. People with obsessions try to attempt to ignore, suppress, or neutralize such thoughts or actions by replacing them with some other thought or action to reduce the anxiety. Compulsions: ritualistic behaviors ; compelled to perform over and over The person feels driven to perform the compulsion to reduce the anxiety that accompanies an obsession or to prevent some dreaded situation. Common compulsions include: checking, counting, hand washing, ordering, repeating words silently, etc
400
What are some gender differences in terms of how suicide is attempted (carried out)?
More women attempt that men, but men succeed more often because of methods chosen; what genders “more comfortable” with 1. men - “quicker” 2. women - usually slower acting methods a. greater chance of someone finding out b. Most who attempt are ambivalent about dying C. gives time to realize what they are doing
400
How does schizophrenia progress through 3 stages?
1. Prodromal Stage-The first signs appear (usually in late adolescence or early adulthood). 2. Active Stage- The characteristic symptoms of Sz appear. The individual usually has their first psychotic break in late adolescence or early adulthood. This stage may last from a few months to a lifetime. 3. Residual Stage-The major symptoms of Sz subside either spontaneously or through tx. After the first psychotic break, the individual is never the same. book states that some people can completely recover complete recovery is extremely rare in general never the same bc residual symptoms continue over time positive symptoms decrease, but negative symptoms increase
400
What is psychodynamic therapy? What are some techniques used in psychoanalysis? What do patients experience after they gain insight into inner conflicts?
Psychodynamic theory is based on the assumption that abnormal behavior stems primarily from the complex inner workings of personality (unconscious conflicts) Techniques: free association- talk about whatever comes to mind dream analysis- use dreams to analyze what is going on unconsciously hypnosis experience- catharisis- emotional release resistence-resistance- efforts by patient to prevent repressed impulses or conflicts from entering consciousness transference- transference- strong positive or negative feelings toward the therapist; react to that person as did to some other crucial adult from your childhood (counter transference is when the therapist transfers elements from his/her past to the patient) catharisis interpretation
400
What is Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)and who do we attribute it to?
)- irrational beliefs underlie psychological disorders example - I should be perfect at everything that I do 2. called these irrational thoughts - tend to escalate reasonable desires into a must; ex. I want to do my best becomes I must be perfect 3. people become their own worst enemies because worry so much; can’t tolerate normal disappointments, then becomes a cycle example - fear of negative evaluation; person fears rejection, so avoids social functions, then is evident that can’t get a date 4. steps teach to identify distorted thoughts then teach to recognize as what they are, distorted views of reality Ellis
500
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
a chronic state of excessive anxiety or worry in a wide range of situations occurring more days than not.
500
Why do people get mood disorders?
. Major Depression: a. Biological - genetics, decreased norepinephrine and serotonin b. Cognitive - negative schemas Explain Beck’s cognitive theory (see handout) 2. Bipolar Disorder a. biological - proposed up and down norepinephrine and 5HT (receptors for serotonin) but wrong b. genetic predisposition - 65% concordance rate among monozygotic twins. c. Genetic influences are stronger predictors of bipolar disorder than depressive disorder. * stress usually before 1st episode in bipolar disorders
500
What are some possible cause of schizophrenia
1. genetics 2. problems in neurotransmitter regulation 3. diathesis-stress model argues that a combination of biological predisposition and stress are the cause of schizophrenia 4. Sociocultural Factors Individuals living in poverty are more likely to be schizophrenic
500
What do we mean by a therapeutic alliance in therapy.
the relationship between the therapist and client contributes to the effectiveness of therapy; some feel they should keep rigid boundaries; others feel that self-disclosure is OK. Have to find a therapist that you are comfortable with. all therapists express concern for their patients effective therapists are honest, genuine and open empathic understanding
500
What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy CBT? How is it different for RET? Who do we attribute it to?
also assume it is illogical thinking that is the cause difference between this and RET is that once you identify the irrational thought, you then formulate ways to test them (behavioral tests; thought monitoring) actively test your beliefs (SEE HANDOUT extra notes) Cognitive Distortions Common errors in thinking Selective perception- focus on negative events, ignoring positive ones Overgeneralization- draw negative conclusions based on limited information Magnification- exaggerate the importance of undesirable events or personal shortcomings All or nothing thinking/black or white thinking- success or failure, good or bad Anxiety- look at overestimations of probabilities of negative events, controllability   (1) Change behavior associated with destructive cognitions (2) focus on increasing pleasant events for depression (3) extremely effective, esp for depression also assume it is illogical thinking that is the cause difference between this and RET is that once you identify the irrational thought, you then formulate ways to test them (behavioral tests; thought monitoring) actively test your beliefs (SEE HANDOUT extra notes) Cognitive Distortions Common errors in thinking Selective perception- focus on negative events, ignoring positive ones Overgeneralization- draw negative conclusions based on limited information Magnification- exaggerate the importance of undesirable events or personal shortcomings All or nothing thinking/black or white thinking- success or failure, good or bad Anxiety- look at overestimations of probabilities of negative events, controllability   (1) Change behavior associated with destructive cognitions (2) focus on increasing pleasant events for depression (3) extremely effective, esp for depression also assume it is illogical thinking that is the cause difference between this and RET is that once you identify the irrational thought, you then formulate ways to test them (behavioral tests; thought monitoring) actively test your beliefs (SEE HANDOUT extra notes) Cognitive Distortions Common errors in thinking Selective perception- focus on negative events, ignoring positive ones Overgeneralization- draw negative conclusions based on limited information Magnification- exaggerate the importance of undesirable events or personal shortcomings All or nothing thinking/black or white thinking- success or failure, good or bad Anxiety- look at overestimations of probabilities of negative events, controllability   (1) Change behavior associated with destructive cognitions (2) focus on increasing pleasant events for depression (3) extremely effective, esp for depression also assume it is illogical thinking that is the cause difference between this and RET is that once you identify the irrational thought, you then formulate ways to test them (behavioral tests; thought monitoring) actively test your beliefs (SEE HANDOUT extra notes) Cognitive Distortions Common errors in thinking Selective perception- focus on negative events, ignoring positive ones Overgeneralization- draw negative conclusions based on limited information Magnification- exaggerate the importance of undesirable events or personal shortcomings All or nothing thinking/black or white thinking- success or failure, good or bad Anxiety- look at overestimations of probabilities of negative events, controllability   (1) Change behavior associated with destructive cognitions (2) focus on increasing pleasant events for depression (3) extremely effective, esp for depression * Beck
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