Division of Labor
What is the fundamental problem addressed by Durkheim's study of the division of labor?
To determine the moral value of the division of labor and resolve the "uncertainty of the moral conscience on this point"
What are the two kinds of positive social solidarity identified by Durkheim?
Mechanical Solidarity(due to similitudes) and Organic Solidarity (due to the division of labor)
Which type of law serves as the visible, measurable index of Mechanical Solidarity?
Repressive Law, commonly known as Penal Law, which mandates sanctions involving suffering or deprivation
What is the technical term for the abnormality where the division of labor fails to produce solidarity?
Anomic Division of Labor
What is the key sociological reason the occupational group is necessary?
It can be the only organ capable of functioning as a moral power and regulating the economic activity with enough internal intimacy
What is the principal, hypothesized function of the division of labor in higher societies?
To act as the principal source of social cohesion
What type of law is associated with Organic Solidarity?
Restitutive Law(or co-operative law)
How do repressive sanctions fundamentally function, according to Durkheim?
How do repressive sanctions fundamentally function, according to Durkheim?
What characterizes an anomic division of labor in economic life?
Industrial crises become more frequent and there is antagonism of labor and capital
Why did the old Roman corporations fail or fall into disuse, thus creating the modern gap in regulation?
They lost their political/social role, becoming merely "administrative machines" or being suppressed or dissolved entirely during the Empire
What is the function of the division of labor not hypothesized to be?
It is not primarily to produce civilization, nor is it the origin of individual happiness
How does Mechanical Solidarity relate the individual to society?
It links the individual directly to society individual personality is often nil in its sway, as the collective conscience completely envelops the whole consciousness
What is the nature of the sanction in Restitutive Law?
It consists of a simple return in state, aiming to re-establish troubled relations to their normal form without inflicting suffering on the offender, and is not expiatory
In the Anomic Division of Labor, what is the core issue regarding social relations?
Functions do not concur because their relations are not regulated
What phenomenon accompanies the regression of the collective conscience?
It leaves a larger place for individual variability
What is the sociological mechanism by which the division of labor creates solidarity?
It renders societies possible by necessitating that individuals become mutually dependent due to the specialization of tasks
How does Organic Solidarity relate the individual to society?
It only links the individual indirectly to society, through the mediation of specialized functions they perform
What is the sociological definition of a crime in societies governed by mechanical solidarity?
A crime is an act that offends strong and defined states of the collective conscience
What is the other main "abnormal form" of the division of labor, besides anomie?
The Forced Division of Labor
Where does repressive law stand in relation to the common conscience?
Repressive law corresponds to the heart, the center of the common conscience
According to Durkheim, how does the individual personality progress?
Individual personality progresses only under the influence of causes that determine the division of labor
What change in the law demonstrates the decline of Mechanical Solidarity?
The primitive preponderance of repressive law over co-operative law is reversed; the laws derived from the division of labor become more numerous and stronger
What is the necessary condition required for the Forced Division of Labor to disappear?
The disappearance of all types of inequality in the external conditions of life
What institution does Durkheim propose must be established (or reformed) to end anomie?
The corporation or occupational group
What happens to the collective conscience as the division of labor progresses (as societies advance)?
The collective conscience regresses, becoming more generalized, less determinate, and less strong