Category 1
The DNA and associated proteins are called_________.
nucleosomes
What is the complementary base pair of Adenine in DNA?
Thymine
A ______________ mutation generates a stop codon that can terminate a protein early.
Non-sense mutation
What is the complementary base pair of Cytosine in DNA?
Guanine
Proteins that help to pack up and organize the DNA by wrapping it around two times.
histones
The DNA at the end of linear chromosomes is called a _____.
Telomere
List the pyrimidines of DNA and RNA.
DNA = T & C
RNA = U (and C)
How many hydrogen bonds form in an A/T complimentary base pair?
2
Scientist that used X-ray diffraction to study the structure of DNA.
Rosalind Franklin
List the purines of DNA and RNA.
RNA and DNA = A & G
How many hydrogen bonds form in a C/G complimentary base pair?
3
Enzyme of DNA replication that functions to bind to single-stranded DNA to prevent DNA from rewinding back.
Single-strand binding proteins (SSB)
Enzyme of DNA replication that functions to synthesize RNA primers needed to start replication.
Primase
A mutations caused by a substitution in the third base of a codon, which often represents the same amino acid as the original codon.
Silent mutations
Which scientist is credited with the experiment leading to the transformation of rough, non-pathogenic bacteria into smooth, pathogenic bacteria?
Fredrick Griffith
A _____________ mutation is the result of a substitution (one base is replaced by another) and a different amino acid is called up as a result.
Missense mutations
Each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is referred to as _______________ replication.
Semi- conservative
Enzyme of DNA replication that functions to seal the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand.
Ligase
Enzyme of DNA replication that functions to help relieve the strain on DNA when unwinding by causing breaks, and then resealing the DNA.
Topoisomerase
Which scientists experimented with bacteriophages(made of protein coats and DNA) and radioactive isotopes of sulfur and phosphorus.
Which radioactive isotope (sulfur or phosphorous) was used to track the DNA?
Hershey and Chase
Phosphorous (part of the sugar-phosphate backbone).
Enzyme of DNA replication that functions to open the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
Helicase
The main prokaryotic enzyme of DNA replication that adds nucleotides in the 5'-3' direction (responsible for elongation)
DNA polymerase III
Which Prokaryotic polymerase removes RNA primer and replaces it with newly synthesized DNA?
DNA polymerase I
The enzyme that adds telomeres to the end of linear chromosomes in germ cells and adult stem cells.
Telomerase
Avery, McCloeod, and McCarty used __________ to remove the protein, RNA, and DNA in bacteria samples to see if the cells could still be transformed.
Explain the conclusion of this experiment.
Possible Answers: Enzymes (RNase, protease, DNase)
In cultures where the DNA was removed, transformation did not occur, so DNA is the transforming agent, not the proteins or RNA.
The shortening of the telomeres caused by cell division and incomplete replication of the lagging strand over time is thought to lead to _______.
Aging
If an organism's DNA contained 20% Cytosine, what are the compositions of the other nucleic acids?
Percentages: C=20, G=20, A=30, T=30
C=G
G & C= 20 + 20
100-40 = 60 /2 = 30
A & T = 30 each
Watson and Crick are credited with ____________.
Determining the structure of DNA
List 3 characteristics of DNA.
Double stranded
Right-handed helix
Running anti-parallel
3'<----5'
5'---->3'
Complimentary base pairing between A-T and G-C
A=T: 2 hydrogen bonds
C G: 3 hydrogen bonds
(- charged) Sugar /phosphate backbone and Base pairs in the middle
The worst kind of mutation. Insertions or deletions change all amino acids from that point on. Leads to non-functional gene products or a premature stop to transcription.
Frameshift mutations