Genetic Code
DNA and RNA
Protein Synthesis
DNA Mutations
Viruses/ DNA Technology
100
Photo 51 is a picture of the structure of DNA that was used to create a model of DNA. Who created the photo?
A. James Watson and Francis Crick
B. Erwin Chargaff
C. Rosalind Franklin
D. Friedrich Miescher
C. Rosalind Franklin
100
What does DNA provide the code for?
A. nitrogenous base pairing
B. protein synthesis
C. deoxyribose formation
D. nucleotide synthesis
B. protein synthesis
100
What will happen if RNA polymerase fails to attach to the promoter?
A. Translation will begin early.
B. Transcription will not begin.
C. RNA polymerase will unwind DNA strands.
D. An mRNA strand will be made before translation begins.
B. Transcription will not begin.
100
Missense, nonsense, and silent mutations are examples of which type of mutation?
A. substitution
B. insertion
C. deletion
D. replication
A. substitution
100
In some cases, recombinant DNA must be cloned before it can be inserted into a host. Which vectors can be used to clone recombinant DNA?
A. phages and plasmids
B. gene guns and micropipettes
C. restriction enzymes
D. transgenic bacteria
A. phages and plasmids
200
Which best describes a codon?
A. a cell structure that gives the master instructions for an organism
B. a segment of DNA that is the basis of heredity in organisms
C. the sequence of three bases that codes for a specific amino acid
D. the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
C. the sequence of three bases that codes for a specific amino acid
200
Which base is found only in DNA?
A. adenine
B. guanine
C. cytosine
D. thymine
D. thymine
200
Which carries the code for protein synthesis from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm?
A. DNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
D. mRNA
D. mRNA
200
What can a person do to limit exposure to X-rays?
A. wear sunblock
B. avoid cigarette smoke
C. wear a protective vest
D. avoid chemicals
C. wear a protective vest
200
Which structure allows a virus to recognize and attach to receptors on the host cell?
A. cell wall
B. capsid protein
C. cell membrane
D. nucleic acid
B. capsid protein
300
How many genes make up the human genome?
A. four: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
B. 23 pairs of genes
C. 20,000–25,000 genes
D. 3 billion genes
C. 20,000–25,000 genes
300
The structure of DNA resembles a twisted ladder. Which structural components form the rungs of the ladder?
A. deoxyribose sugars
B. phosphate groups
C. nitrogenous base pairs
D. ribosomes
C. nitrogenous base pairs
300
If a stop codon is like a red traffic light, which is most like a green traffic light during transcription?
A. DNA
B. promoter
C. mRNA
D. nucleotide
B. promoter
300
A mutation causes a sequence of DNA that has the nucleotides TTG to be changed to TCG. The resulting protein has a different sequence of amino acids. Which type of mutation is this?
A. missense
B. nonsense
C. silent
D. frameshift
A. missense
300
Consider the diagram that depicts the lysogenic and lytic cycles.
In which step of the diagram is the provirus formed?
A. step A
B. step B
C. step E
D. step F
B. step B
400
Which flow chart correctly organizes the structures of heredity, from least to most complex?
A. codon --> gene --> DNA --> chromosome
B. gene --> chromosome --> codon --> DNA
C. DNA --> codon --> chromosome --> gene
D. chromosome --> DNA ® gene --> codon
A. codon --> gene --> DNA --> chromosome
400
A forensic scientist is trying to find out the number of adenine bases in the DNA sample that he obtained from a crime scene.
What can he assume about the number of adenine?
A. The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of guanine bases.
B. The number of adenine bases will be equal to the total of all the other bases.
C. The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of thymine bases.
D. The number of adenine bases will be half of the number of cytosine bases.
C. The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of thymine bases.
400
Which statements describe the characteristics of an individual protein? Select two options.
A. It is specific to one biochemical reaction.
B. It increases the activation energy needed for a reaction.
C. It can catalyze many different reactions.
D. It increases the rate of a biochemical reaction.
E. It slows down the rate of a biochemical reaction.
A. It is specific to one biochemical reaction.
D. It increases the rate of a biochemical reaction.
400
Which accurately describes the relationship between cancer risk and exposure to mutagens?
A. Cancer risk decreases when a person is exposed to mutagens because the risk of DNA mutation decreases as well.
B. Cancer risk increases when a person is exposed to mutagens because the risk of DNA mutations increases as well.
C. Cancer risk increases when a person is exposed to mutagens because the risk of DNA mutations decreases considerably.
D. Cancer risk decreases when a person is exposed to mutagens because the risk of DNA mutations increases considerably.
B. Cancer risk increases when a person is exposed to mutagens because the risk of DNA mutations increases as well.
400
The process of genetic engineering may include either four or five steps. The diagram represents the five-step process.
Which best describes step 3 in the diagram?
A. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA into fragments; the fragments join with the host DNA to create recombinant DNA.
B. Recombinant DNA is inserted into a biological vector; the vector houses the recombinant DNA and can produce copies of DNA for itself and the recombinant DNA.
C. Cloning of the recombinant DNA occurs; the DNA is cloned in the biological vector to create more DNA for use in the host.
D. Recombinant DNA is inserted into a mechanical vector; the mechanical vector allows the DNA to be inserted into the DNA clone for use in the host.
B. Recombinant DNA is inserted into a biological vector; the vector houses the recombinant DNA and can produce copies of DNA for itself and the recombinant DNA.
500
Which best matches a type of genetic material with its description?
A. Nucleotides form a helical structure that is called a gene.
B. Genes combine to form structures called nucleotides.
C. Chromosomes create genes.
D. DNA is located in the nucleus.
D. DNA is located in the nucleus.
500
A DNA strand has the sequence ATCGGC. Which is the complementary strand of DNA?
A. UAGCCG
B. GCTAAT
C. TAGCCG
D. UGTCCT
C. TAGCCG
500
A protein called GEF-H1 is known to control immune responses to certain viruses such as influenza A. GEF-H1 is best classified as which kind of protein?
A. a structural protein
B. an antibody
C. an enzyme
D. a messenger protein
B. an antibody
500
Many different types of mutations can occur within the body. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is caused by different mutations within the CFTR gene. One mutation in the CFTR gene that leads to cystic fibrosis causes translation to end earlier in the gene sequence. Which type of mutation causes this translation error that leads to cystic fibrosis?
A. silent
B. missense
C. nonsense
D. deletion
C. nonsense
500
Scientists have recently modified the bacteria that cause tooth decay by inserting a fragment of DNA into the bacteria's DNA that prevents it from producing lactic acid. What is this process called?
A. genetic engineering
B. biological vector
C. mechanical vector
D. electrophoresis
A. genetic engineering