Types of DNA Damage
What is a type of DNA damage caused by UV radiation?
What are thymine dimers?
What helps the mismatch repair system distinguish between the parental and newly synthesized DNA strands?
What is DNA methylation?
This alteration involves the addition of one or more bases in the DNA sequence.
What is an insertion?
What kinases do eukaryotic cells use to signal DNA damage?
What are ATM and ATR?
T or F: Deamination and alkylation also cause changes to DNA structure that can cause mutations
TRUE.
Which type of repair is a backup for the DNA polymerase proofreading function?
What is mismatch?
Which repair process fixes mistakes that occur during DNA replication?
What is mismatch repair?
This type of mutation changes a purine to another purine or a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine.
What is a transition mutation?
In bacteria, what types of DNA damage can sensor proteins detect?
What are single-stranded and double-stranded DNA breaks?
How does UV radiation distort DNA?
UV radiation distorts DNA, impeding transcription and replication.
What kind of breaks does ionizing radiation cause in DNA?
What is double strand breaks?
What protein complex is involved in initiating mismatch repair?
What is the MutS-MutL?
What type of mutation results when the reading frame of DNA is shifted?
What is a frameshift mutation?
This protein acts as a key sensor of DNA damage and stabilizes the genome by pausing the cell cycle to allow time for repair.
What is P53?
In E. coli, this type of DNA modification helps distinguish the template strand from the newly synthesized strand during mismatch repair.
What is methylation?
During deamination in DNA replication, U pairs with __ instead of G.
A
What repair process involves excising damaged bases and filling in the gap with new nucleotides?
What is Base excision repair (BER) ?
When a mutation results in a premature stop codon, halting protein synthesis, it is known as this type of mutation.
What is a nonsense mutation?
ATR activation has several downstream effects that increase the time available for repair
- Replication fork delay
- Cell-cycle pauses
- Replication origin firing delay
True or False? Translesion synthesis polymerases are more accurate than replicative polymerases.
False.
Name two types of damage that can lead to frameshift mutations.
What are intercalation and insertions/deletions?
This repair process removes and repairs bulky DNA adducts and lesions caused by UV radiation, such as thymine dimers.
What is Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)?
What enzyme typically initiates base excision repair by recognizing and removing a damaged base?
What is a DNA glycosylase?
OFF TOPIC: Which of the following is an example of a frameshift mutation?
What is a deletion of a codon.
What cell cycle checkpoint does the ATM kinase primarily control in response to double-strand breaks?
The G1/S checkpoint