Vocab
This is the definition of a monomer
What is 'a single-unit substance that is the smallest form of a biomolecule?'
Give the base pairing rules for DNA and RNA
What are: DNA - A to T, G to C and RNA - A to U, G to C?
This scientist studied DNA samples from many different living organisms and produced several major discoveries leading to an understanding of the complementary nature of DNA
Who is Chargaff?
Give three examples of 'traits' that are not directly observable
What are 'blood type, risk of disease, eyesight, heart disease, allergies, genetic mutations, hormone levels, learning disabilities, genetic predisposition to resist disease, etc?'
All organisms express their genes by
What is 'building proteins?'
Define a purine (structurally)
What is 'a base that is made up of two nitrogen rings?'
Briefly contrast DNA and RNA
What is '1) DNA is double-stranded, contains thymine and deoxyribose sugar and 2) RNA is single-stranded, contains uracil, and ribose sugar?'
These two scientists were working to figure out the structure of DNA and focused mostly on the published results of other scientists and using mathematical calculations to figure out the geometrical structure of DNA
Who are Watson and Crick?
Name the two major components that make up the backbone of DNA or RNA
What are 1) phosphate groups and 2) sugars?
DNA Replication happens _____________ during the life of a cell
What is 'once?'
This is a pyrimidine (structurally)
What is 'a base that is made up of one nitrogen ring?'
Briefly explain/define Chargaff's Rule
What is 'this rule states that in any organism's DNA, the amount purines always equals the number of pyrimidines'
This man took unpublished data from a previous research partner with him to Oxford University
Who is Maurice Wilkins?
These scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963 for 'discovering' the structure of DNA
Who are Watson, Crick, and Wilkins?
This scientist observed a 'transformation' in which a harmless bacteria strain transformed into a deadly strain
Who is Griffith (1928)?
List the purines discussed together in class
What are adenine and guanine?
Name all pyrimidines found in DNA and RNA
What are 1) cytosine, 2) thymine, and 3) uracil?
Briefly explain the significance of Rosalind Franklin and her work in chemistry
What is 'an x-ray crysallographer working in the 1950's; produced 'photo 51' which demonstrated the structure of DNA; she was never formally recognized or given credit for this work; died at 37 from cancer due to prolonged exposure to xrays?'
What is '1) proteins - amino acids, 2) lipids - individual fatty acids, 3) carbohydrates - monosaccharides, and 4) nucleic acids - nucleotides?'
This is why purines must always bind with pyrimidines
What is 'because any other bonding combination (purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine) would corrupt the physical structure of the DNA molecule?'
Compare a gene versus a trait
What is 'a gene is short segment of DNA that codes for a trait; a trait is a characteristic or attribute in an organism that is controlled by a gene but is created through proteins?'
List the five major enzymes used during DNA replication
What are 1) DNA helicase, 2) Primase, 3) DNA Polymerase, 4) Exonuclease, 5) DNA Ligase?
This scientist(s) provided definitive evidence that nucleic acids were the 'molecule of heredity'
Who are Hershey & Chase (1952)?
List the three major components of a nucleotide and the enzyme responsible for building new DNA
What is '1) phosphate group, 2) sugar group, 3) nitrogenous base and DNA polymerase is the enzyme that builds new DNA?'
These are the two pieces of information you must have to determine the leading versus the lagging strand
What are 1) the direction of unwinding and 2) the labels indicating in which direction each strand oriented (3' and 5' labels)?'