Enzymes
This enzyme is responsible for unwinding and separating the two strands of a DNA molecule
What is DNA helicase?
DNA replication requires access to this much DNA
What is 'all (both strands, end to end)?
Genetic code can only be 'read' in this direction
What is 3' --> 5'?
This scientist(s) won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the structure of DNA
Who are Watson, Crick, and Wilkins?
The directionality of DNA is called this
What is 'antiparallel?'
This enzyme is responsible for laying down short segments of RNA along the DNA template strands
What is primase?
These are used to chemically signal DNA polymerase to start adding bases to DNA
What are RNA primers?
DNA replication occurs during this phase of the cell life cycle
What is 's phase?'
This is why DNA replication occurs
What is 'in order to make a second, complete set of DNA instructions so that cell division will occur correctly and will end with two functional cells?'
Does DNA replication require access to one or two strands of DNA?
What is 'both strands - from one end to the other?'
This enzyme is responsible for adding new DNA base pairs and building new strands of DNA
What is DNA polymerase?
Hundreds of these structures open up along the DNA during replication
What are replication forks?
This enzyme is responsible for removing all RNA primers from the newly-synthesized DNA
What is exonuclease?
This is why DNA replication is thought to be 'semiconservative'
What is 'because each new set of DNA instructions contains one original, conserved strand of DNA and one newly-created strand of DNA - this helps reduce errors because new strands of DNA are always built off of an original copy?'
DNA polymerase can only move in this direction
What is 5' --> 3'?
This enzyme is responsible for scanning both new strands of DNA and sealing all the fragments of DNA together
What is ligase?
Okazaki fragments are defined as _____________ and are always found on the ____________________
What are 'short fragments of newly-synthesized DNA; found on the lagging strand?'
DNA replication is described as _______________, meaning:
What is 'semi conservative; meaning that each new DNA molecule is made up of one one, old/conserved strand of DNA and one newly-synthesized strand of DNA?'
These are the two major reasons why DNA Replication must occur in opposite directions
What is 1) because DNA is antiparallel and 2) DNA polymerase can only move in one direction?
This is the approximate rate at which DNA replication occurs
What is 50 nucleotides/second?
These are the five major enzymes used during DNA replication
What are 1) DNA Helicase, 2) Primase, 3) DNA Polymerase, 4) Exonuclease, 5) DNA Ligase?
Name three similar structures or locations used in both DNA replication and protein synthesis
What is 'DNA replication and Protein synthesis both use: 1) cells, 2) start with DNA, 3) use some enzymes, 4) use some RNA, and 5) occur in the nucleus?'
Name three ways that DNA replication is different from Protein synthesis
DNA replication: 1) occurs once in the life of a cell, 2) requires access to ALL DNA, 3) creates an end product of DNA, 4) uses little RNA, 5) uses lots of enzymes, 6) uses both strands of DNA, 7) cannot happen without proteins?
Briefly explain the significance of Mendel's work for the future of heredity and genetics
What is 'without any modern technology or lab equipment, Mendel was able to prove that traits were passed on from parents to offspring in predictable, mathematical patterns?'
During S phase, a human skin cells will build approximately _____________________ new nucleotides
What is approximately 3 billion nucleotides?