DNA & DNA STRUCTURE:

DNA & RNA

100

DNA & RNA STAND FOR:

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 

RIBONUCLEIC ACID

200

DNA CONTAINS WHAT FOUR NITROGENOUS BASES? 

RNA CONTAINS WHAT FOUR NITROGENOUS BASES?

DNA - G, T, A, C

RNA - C, U, A, G 

300

THESE TYPE OF BONDS ARE FOUND BETWEEN NUCLEOTIDE BASES?

HYDROGEN BONDS

400

WHAT TWO MOLECULES MAKE UP THE BACKBONE IN A MOLECULE OF DNA?

SUGAR-PHOSPHATE 

500

1. A STRAND OF DNA IS MADE UP OF 40% THYMINE, HOW MUCH OF THE SAME STRAND IS ADENINE?

2. A STRAND OF DNA IS MADE UP OF 15% GUANINE, HOW MUCH OF THE SAME STRAND IS MADE UP OF ADENINE

3. A STRAND OF DNA IS MADE UP OF 456 NUCLEOTIDES OF CYTOSINE, HOW MUCH OF THE SAME STRAND IS MADE OF GUANINE. 

4. A STRAND OF DNA IS MADE UP OF 456 NUCLEOTIDES OF CYTOSINE, HOW MUCH OF THE SAME STRAND IS MADE OF THYMINE?

1. 40%

2. 35%

3. 456 NUCELTODIES 

4. UNABLE TO DETERMINE

DNA & RNA

100

THE MONOMER OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IS?

NUCLEOTIDES

200

WHAT IS THE POINT OF DNA?

DNA CONTAINS THE INSTRUCTIONS NECESSARY FOR LIFE 

- ENCODES PROTEINS, ENZYMES, CELL FUNCTIONS, ORGAN FUNCTIONS, ETC. 

300

THESE TYPE OF BONDS ARE FOUND BETWEEN A SUGAR AND PHOSPHATE 

COVALENT BONDS

400

WHAT ARE THREE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA?

1. DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED - RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED 

2. DNA CONTAINS THYMINE - RNA CONTAINS URACIL 

3. DNA CONTAINS THE SUGAR DEOXYRIBOSE - RNA CONTAINS THE SUGAR RIBOSE

500

WHAT ARE THE THREE COMPONENTS FOUND IN A RNA NUCLEOTIDE

1. PHOSPHATE 

2. NUCLEOTIDE BASE - A, U, C, G

3. RIBONUCLEIC SUGAR

DNA REPLICATION

100

WHEN DOES DNA REPLICATION OCCUR DURING THE CELL CYCLE?

S PHASE 

200

DNA REPLICATION BEGINS AT A SITE KNOWN AS THE

ORIGIN OF REPLICATION

300

THERE ARE THREE MAIN ENZYMES USED DURING DNA REPLICATION. NAME THEM & IN THE CORRECT ORDER THEY ARE USED. 

1. HELICASE 

2. RNA PRIAMSE 

3. DNA POLYMERASE 

400

WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP OF DNA REPLICATION?

HELICASE BINDS TO THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION & SEPERATES THE TWO DNA STRANDS

500

PUT THESE IN CORRECT ORDER: 

1. NUCLEOTIDES ARE ADDED UNTIL NEW STRAND IS FORMED 

2. DNA POLYMERASE BINDS TO RNA PRIMASE 

3. PROTEINS ATTACH TO ORIGIN OF REPLICATION 

4. PRIMASE ADDS RNA PRIMER 

5. HELICASE SEPARATES 2 PARENTAL DNA STRANDS 

6. DNA POLYMERASE MOVES DOWN ORIGINAL STRAND USING IT AS A TEMPLATE

• Proteins attach to the origin of replication (Step 3) – This marks the starting point of DNA replication. (Helicase Loader Proteins (such as Cdc6 and Cdt1 in eukaryotes, DnaC in prokaryotes) – These help load helicase onto the DNA.)
• Helicase separates the two parental DNA strands (Step 5) – Helicase unwinds the DNA, creating a replication fork.
• Primase adds RNA primer (Step 4) – RNA primers are added to provide a starting point for DNA polymerase.
• DNA polymerase binds to RNA primase (Step 2) – DNA polymerase attaches to the primer to start synthesizing new DNA.
• DNA polymerase moves down the original strand using it as a template (Step 6) – DNA polymerase elongates the new strand by adding complementary nucleotides.
• Nucleotides are added until the new strand is formed (Step 1) – The process continues until the entire DNA strand is replicated.

DNA REPLICATION

100

HOW MUCH OF A MOLECULE OF DNA IS REPLICATION AT ONE TIME?

THE ENTIRE MOLECULE OF DNA

200

DNA REPLICATION IS SAID TO BE SEMI-CONSERVATIVE. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

SEMI-CONSERVATIVE BECASUE THE FINAL DNA MOLECULE IS MADE OF ONE PARENTAL AND ONE DAUGHTER STRAND

300

DNA POLYMERASE HAS TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS. WHAT ARE THESE?

1. CREATES A STRAND OF DNA 

2. PROOFREADS THE GROWING STRAND 

400

HOW DOES DNA POLYMERASE KNOW WHERE TO START DNA REPLICATION?

RNA PRIMASE LAYS DOWN A STRAND OF NUCLETOIDES ACTING AS A SIGNAL TO DNA POLYMERASE.

500

A SINGLE STRAND OF DNA IS AROUND 5 FEET LONG. DNA REPLICATION SHOULD TAKE AROUND ONE MONTH, BUT ISNTEAD ONLY TAKES ABOUT 1 HOUR. WHY IS THIS?

IN EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS, THERE ARE MULTIPLE ORIGINS OF REPLICATION/REPLICATION BUBBLES. THE BUBBLES WILL EVENTUALLY MEET UP. REDUCES THE TIME NECESSARY AS THE PROCESS IS DUPLICATED IN MULTIPLE PLACES. 

OTHER

100

THIS RULE SAYS THE %C = %G AND %T = %A

CHARGAFF'S RULE

200

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING DNA STRAND - WHAT COMPLEMENTARY STRAND IS FORMED?

TGATGAG

ACTACTC

300

WHAT THREE ENZYMES ARE USED DURING MISMATCH REPAIR (REPARING MUTATIONS) 

1. NUCELEASE 

2. DNA POLYMERASE 

3. LIGASE

400

DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF FIXING A MUTATION IN A STRAND OF DNA?

NUCLEASE CUTS OUT THE MUTATION 

DNA POLYMERASE ADDS THE CORRECT NUCELTOIDES 

LIGASE JOINS REPAIRED SECTIONS TOGETHER 

500

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING DNA STRAND, WHAT COMPLEMENTARY STRAND OF RNA WOULD BE MADE FROM IT. 

TACGATTCTAAA

UAGCUAAGAUUU