Cell Reproduction
Type of cell division that creates two identical daughter cells. Used for growth and development, cell replacement, healing wounds, and asexual reproduction.
Mitosis
Type of cell division that creates four different daughter cells. Used for sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
Alternative versions of a gene.
Alleles
Double helix shaped macromolecule that has the code to all the information that produces the proteins that make up an individual organism.
deoxyribose nucleic acid- DNA
A sequence of DNA that contains the instructions to make one or more proteins
gene
Mechanisms that turn on and off certain genes.
Gene regulation
DNA wound around proteins called histones to form neat tight packages.
Chromosomes
haploid/gamete
Alleles that are only expressed when two copies are present in an individual.
Recessive alleles
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
Synthesis of a protein from a gene is called
gene expression
Gene regulation in multicellular eukaryotes allows for ________________ between cells such that we can have different kinds of cells like skin cells, blood cells, brain cells, and muscle cells.
differentiation
Inside a cell, two chromosomes that are the same size, have the centromere in the same place, code for the same type of genes, but are not identical are ______________.
Homologous chromosomes
Phase of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes separate.
Anaphase I
An individual with two different alleles at a locus.
Heterozygote
Name 3 components of a nucleotide.
Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base.
What process in gene expression uses an mRNA to make a protein?
translation
What gene regulation mechanism would prevent mRNA from being produced?
Initiation of transcription
What phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes form sister chromatids?
S-phase of interphase
When chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis.
nondisjunction
The expression of the genetic code that can be observed.
Phenotype
1.)______________ is the enzyme that unzips the DNA double helix during replication, whereas, 2.)______________ is the enzyme that add complementary nucleotides to the new DNA strand.
1.) Helicase
2.) DNA polymerase
A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid.
Codon
A gene on the X chromosome would NOT be expressed more in individuals who have two copies of the X chromosome than individuals that only have one copy of the X chromosome because of this regulating mechanism.
DNA Packing
Cells with homologous chromosomes present
Diploid/somatic
Two mechanisms that introduce genetic diversity in gametes. Can you also name what phases of the cell cycle they occur?
1.) Crossing over - Prophase I
2.) Independent Assortment - Metaphase I and Metaphase II
The combination of alleles held by an individual at a particular locus.
Genotype
What term best describes DNA replication because it produces two copies of the original DNA molecule and each new molecule consists of one of the strands of the original DNA molecule and a new strand.
Semiconservative
RNA molecule responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
What gene regulation mechanism would prevent mRNA from being produced
Initiation of transcription